Structure of DNA
Chargaff's rule
% of A and % of T are same in a given sample
% of G and % of C are same
New DNA strands are synthesized in the ____ to ______ direction
5' to 3'
If a disease is autosomal recessive, which genotype can synthesize enough protein to not exhibit the disorder? RR, Rr, rr
rr
When lactose is present and glucose is absent
Allolactose binds to the repressor and RNA polymerase transcribes
Bacteria can be genetically engineered to produce vaccines with the help of
Plasmids
Mutation in which genes leads to transformation in body parts
Homeotic genes
STOP codons
UGA
UAG
UAA
In Transcription, the new nucleotides of the RNA are added at the __ end and T is replaced with ____
3' end
Uracil
Liver and eye cells each produce albumin and crystalline respectively even though they both have all genes, because
Their transcriptional activators are different
Methylation of amino acids ___________ transcription
decreases
Why do clones die prematurely?
Epigenetics - methylation, X chtomosome inactivation etc.
Why are all DNA strands synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction?
The P group at the 5' of the nucleotide forms a covalent bond with the O at the 3'
These are the two steps of protein synthesis. Where does each step occur in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
What are TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION? BONUS: Prokaryotes- both in cytoplasm Eukaryotes- Transcription in nucleus; translation in cytoplasm
The removal of this type of molecule allows chromatin to unwind in eukaryotic DNA so that transcription occurs.
What is a METHYL GROUP.
Why do DNA fragments move in Gel Electrophoresis
DNA is a -ve molecule
Difference between Embryonic Stem Cells and Adult S cells
ES can differentiate into more types than adult
Semi conservative
Each of the two copies of the original DNA molecule, contains one of original strand, and one newly-synthesized strand.
Rearranging the pattern of intron and exon elements that are joined by splicing to alter the mRNA coding sequence.
Alternate splicing - same gene can be transcribed into different mRNA sequences
In the lac operon, if the repressor is bound to the operator
No lactose metabolism
Plasmids often contain genes for ___________, because this can be used to test whether or not cells have incorporated the plasmid
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE?
Most common cause of genetic variation
DNA Polymerase errors during replication
Anti sense strand
The DNA strand that serves as a template for transcription, also called non coding strand
The effect of Wobble base
more than one codon codes for same amino acid - in case of mutations no effect
If a mutation occurs that prevents the binding of the repressor to the operator in the lac operon
lac metabolism enzymes will be produced even in the presence of lactose
In Gel Electrophoresis, the shorter fragments move
faster/further