Properties of Water
The atoms that result in a partial negative charge in a water molecule
What is oxygen?
Macromolecule type that contains phosphorus (P).
What are nucleic acids?
Organelle responsible for synthesizing lipids.
What is the Smooth ER?
What are small nonpolar molecules?
Theory that seeks to explain why mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA.
What is the Endosymbiont theory?
The forces responsible for the properties of water.
Hydrogen bonding
(1) The molecule produced as a byproduct of two macromolecules combining through (2)_____________.
What is H2O (water), and what is covalent bonding/dehydration synthesis?
What ribosomes produce, and where are ribosomes found in the cell?
What is proteins, and Rough ER
The kind of protein a glucose molecule would use to move down a concentration gradient
What is a protein channel?
Name of effect that describes how hydrophobic molecules will aggregate in hydrophilic environments.
What is hydrophobic effect?
The property of water that describes how water will stick to itself.
What is cohesion?
(1) The bond that links carbohydrate monomers into polymers and (2) the shape carbohydrate polymers have
What are covalent bonds and long branched structures (or something similar)?
Organelles that contain DNA inside an animal cell.
What are the mitochondria and the nucleus?
The concentration inside a cell is 0.9M NaCl. The concentration outside a cell is 0.1 NaCl. (1) The tonicity of the cell relative to the environment. (2) Direction of water movement.
What is: the cell is hypertonic to the environment and water will move into the cell.
The reason why cells tend to have a high surface area to volume ratio.
What is: having increased surface area leads to increased cell efficiency?
Explanation of how water behaves at temperatures below 0*C.
What is: water expands when it freezes because the hydrogen bonds orient water in hexagonal, crystal lattice formations? (or something that sounds similar to that)
ATATATAATAT vs. GCCGCGCGCG
Each of these are a strand in a (1)____ molecule. (2) The reason that the second would be harder to denature.
What is DNA; what is C-G has 3 hydrogen bonds and A-T has 2?
The path of a secretory protein.
What is Rough ER -> Golgi -> membrane -> out of cell (or something similar)?
The location water will move if a cell has a solute potential of -11.0 and pressure potential of 2.0 placed in a solution with water potential -2.0.
What is into the cell?
A description of the chemical properties of the R-groups of the (1) external area and (2) internal area of a transmembrane transport protein that transports Cl-.
What is (1) nonpolar/hydrophobic R-groups and (2) hydrophilic/positively charged R-groups?
Explanation for (1) the term that describes how water can collect on top of a penny. (2) The orientation of hydrogen bonds that result in this property.
What is (1) high surface tension and (2) hydrogen bonds on the surface of the water face inwards, pulling them in.
1. The name of the bond that builds proteins
2. The name of the bond that builds nucleic acids
3. The name of the bond that builds carbohydrates
4. The name of the bond that builds lipids
Proteins → peptide bonds
Nucleic acids → phosphodiester bonds
Carbohydrates → glycosidic bonds
Lipids → ester linkages
Factors that affect membrane fluidity
What are: presence of cholesterol molecules (stabilizes), temperature, saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids in phospholipid bilayer?
1. The term for water movement in or out of a cell 2. What protein complex water uses to move
1. osmosis 2. aquaporins
Interior of a cell: diffusible solutes concentration of 0.2M and nondiffusible solutes concentration of 1.2M.
Exterior of a cell: diffusible solutes concentration of 0.9M and nondiffusible solutes concentration of 0.1M.
(1) The movement of diffusible solutes and (2) the movement of water.
What is (1) diffusible solutes move into the cell and (2) water moves into the cell?