Unit 1
The four biological macromolecules are...
Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
Water flows from which tonicity to the other?
Hypotonic to hypertonic flow,
Osmosis. . .let's go!
Name 2 reactants and 2 products of photosynthesis.
Reactants: water, carbon dioxide, light
Products: oxygen, glucose
Reception, transduction, response
Name 3 actions words you would be asked to perform on an FRQ.
Evaluate, explain, calculate, predict, describe, justify, etc.
Name 3 of the properties of water caused by its hydrogen bonds.
Cohesion, adhesion, high surface tension, high specific heat, capillary action, universal solvent, etc.
It's this characteristic of the phospholipid bilayer that allows it to let some things through while keep other things out.
What are 2 things that can alter the optimal functioning of an enzyme?
pH, temperature, substrate concentration, salinity, etc.
Give an example of a positive feedback loop and a negative feed back loop.
Positive feedback: oxytocin during childbirth or ripening factor in fruit
Negative feedback: internal body temperature regulation, blood sugar level regulation
What does it mean when the error bars overlap on a graph?
There is no significant statistical difference between the data.
What happens at each of the 4 levels of protein structure?
Primary-sequence of the amino acids
Secondary-hydrogen bonding of the peptide chain (backbone folding into alpha helices and beta pleated sheets)
Tertiary-interaction of the R (variable) group; protein folds according to hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids
Quaternary-Linking of multiple folded proteins
What are the 2 main differences between active transport and passive transport?
1) Active transport requires energy to transport molecules across the membrane while passive energy does not use energy and relies on diffusion.
2) Active transport=against or up their concentration gradient
Passive transport=down or with their concentration gradient
The electron transport chain is the final step in cellular respiration where protons travel down their gradient to create ATP. What is the final acceptor of these electrons?
Oxygen
Name all of the phases of meiosis 1 and 2 and name what is significant about Prophase 1.
Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2
Prophase 1 is significant because crossing over occurs which increases genetic diversity in daughter cells.
You are testing the growth of flowers by measuring their height once each week. State the independent and dependent variables.
Independent: Time in weeks
Dependent: Growth in centimeters
Hydrogen bonds vs. Polar Covalent Bonds
Which is stronger and why? Give an example.
Polar Covalent Bonds are stronger because they share electrons unequally rather than being attracted due to polarity. Ex: Water molecules are held together with polar covalent bonds but form hydrogen bonds between other molecules. Hydrogen bonds break and reform constantly while polar covalent bonds do not.
What is an advantage of the compartmentalization of cellular processes?
Increased efficiency, protection, ability to separate environments, easier regulation of metabolic pathways, increased surface area, etc.
Name two things that activate enzyme activity and two things that inhibit enzyme activity.
Activation: cofactors, coenzymes
Inhibition: allosteric inhibitors, competitive inhibitors
There are 3 checkpoints in the cell cycle. What do they each check for?
G1-Cell is in good condition to begin replication of DNA
G2-DNA has been duplicated correctly and there is no damage
M-Spindles are correctly attached to kinetochores on chromosomes so anaphase can occur correctly.
State the null hypothesis and give an example of an alternative hypothesis.
Null hypothesis: There is no significant correlation between the amount of sunlight on the growth of the population.
Alternative hypothesis: There is significant correlation between the amount of sunlight on the growth of the population.
Explain the function of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in the context of a peptide chain.
Dehydration synthesis uses the removal of water to form a polar covalent bond between amino acids.
Hydrolysis is used to add water between amino acids to break the polar covalent bond.
Explain how cells inherited the ability to produce energy through the endosymbiotic theory.
Through the endosymbiotic theory, an organism capable of producing ATP was engulfed through phagocytosis inside another, giving it the capability to produce it's own energy and compartmentalizing the process with a double membrane.
What is the difference between a catabolic pathway and an anabolic pathway?
Kinases are enzymes that add phosphates to proteins to activate them during a phosphorylation cascade.
Phosphatases are enzymes that remove phosphates from proteins to inactive them during dephosphorylation.
Define a positive control and a negative control.
A positive control group in an experiment is a group that is known and expected to have a response.
A negative control group is a group that is known and expected to have no response with treatment or not treated.