AP Biology: Units 3 & 4 all about CELLS

feedback

100

In general, a negative feedback system will ___ the stimulus while a positive feedback loop will ___ the stimulus.  

What is 'lower' 'amplify'

200

The overall purpose of feedback mechanisms is to ensure ___ in order to achieve a specific optimal conditions. 

What is 'homeostasis'

300

Cortisol is a hormone produced in response to stress, including starvation in humans. Which of the following is most likely an immediate effect of a starvation-induced increase in cortisol secretion? (a) increased activation of the immune system; (b) increased urine production by the kidneys; (c) increased bone and collagen formation' (d) increased mobilization of fatty acids from fat cells

(d) increased mobilization of fatty acids from fat cells

400

this feedback loop is happening at both the ___ level AND the ___ level. It is an example of a ___ feedback loop

what is 'organismal' and 'cellular' level; 'positive' feedback loop

500

the process shown depicts plant cells opening the stomata...what type of feedback is this, and why?

what is positive feedback; plants need carbon dioxide to enter and water to leave the cells;

'sunlight acts as a stimulus to increase the numbers of open stoma'

sending signals

100

the three phases of cell communication are __, __, & __

what is reception, transduction, & cellular response

200

Hydrophobic signaling molecules do not need a ___ to deliver the message to the cell.

What is a 'membrane receptor' or a 'membrane receptor protein'

300

when a ligand (the star) binds to the membrane receptor (oval), the ___ will go through a conformational change initiating transduction.

What is an intercellular domain. 

400

When cells are in contact with one another, touching one another, the signal to divide will be ___ and when there are no neighboring cells the signal to divide will be ___. 

what is 'inhibited' and 'stimulated'

500

This is an example of cell signaling occurring between two different cells of the same organism. The three things that have to happen in order for this signal to be correctly transmitted from one cell to the next are

What is 'release ligand into the space' then 'ligand must diffuse across the space' and 'ligand must bind with the receptor'

all about cycles

100

The checkpoints shown here include ___, ___, & ___. Provide these in the correct order in which they occur.

what is cell growth, DNA synthesis, and mitosis

200

The enzyme/substrate complex involved in overall regulation of the cell cycle is made of  ___ and ___.

what are 'cyclins' and 'cyclin dependent kinases'

300

Mitosis results in the transmission of chromosomes from one generation to the next. Mitosis alternates with ___ in the cell cycle. 

What is 'interphase'

400

What is going on in this image? 

What is 'apoptosis'

500

These genes are the 'brakes' to the cell cycle. When these genes do not function cells divide uncontrolled and cancer may result

what is 'tumor suppressor genes'

enzymes... any where, any how

100

This is lowered as a result of an enzyme being added to a chemical reaction. 

What is 'activation energy'.

200

Inhibitors that do not bind directly to the active site of an enzyme. 

What is 'noncompetitive' inhibitors

300

Both inhibition and activation of enzymes is depicted here. The general term or name for this type of enzyme regulation...

what is 'allosteric' enzyme regulation

400

The reaction rate that depicts uninhibited enzyme function

What is line A

500

The point denoted by the arrow indicates ___; explain what this means.

what is 'enzyme saturation'

at this point adding more enzyme does not affect the rate of reaction b/c there is not enough substrate to interact with

energy transfer

100

When a scientist claims that plants 'make their own energy' can that claim be supported? 

Yes or No and why.

What is 'NO' nothing can make or destroy energy not even Thanos...

200

___ is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain of the mitochondrion and ___ is the donor of electrons in photosynthesis.

What is 'oxygen' and 'water'

300

The first step of the Calvin cycle is critical to harnessing solar energy, this is correctly known as ___ because it takes in ___ from the atmosphere

What is 'carbon fixation' and 'carbon dioxide' 

400

The answer is...when a plant is exposed to light, this happens to the pH of the inner thylakoid space. 

What is...the pH 'will drop' 

500

The most highly efficient method of producing large amounts of ATP is ___; it requires that ___ be present to receive electrons. 

What is 'oxidative phosphorylation'  and oxygen