Cell Structures
It is the barrier between the outside world and the inside cell, regulates movement in/out of the cell, and is composed of a bilayer of phospholipids which have their fatty acid hydrophobic sides pointed at each other.
What is a plasma membrane?
Membrane bound sacs that store nutrients, waste, and other substances.
What is a vacuole?
cells have a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and a circular piece of DNA
What is a prokaryotic cell?
Typically unicellular, bacteria and archaebacteria, NO membrane bound organelles, NO nucleus
What is a prokaryote?
A student uses a microscope to compare a human skeletal muscle cell and a human epithelial cell. The student observes that the muscle cell has more mitochondria than the epithelial cell.
Which of the following conclusions is best supported by this observation?
A) The epithelial cell does not require ATP to function
B) The muscle cell does not require ATP to function.
C) The muscle cell requires more ATP than the epithelial cell.
D) The epithelial cell requires more ATP than the muscle cell.
Answer: C
Reasoning: The main function of mitochondria is to produce ATP. The muscle cell has more mitochondria than the epithelial cell, so the muscle cell requires more ATP than the epithelial cell.
A gel-like water based solution that contains ions, small molecules, and macromolecules (contains cytosol). This "organelle" provides structural support and shape for the whole cell.
What is a cytoplasm?
Contains genetic material and controls the activities of the cells, directs protein synthesis, and is composed of chromatin, nuclear membrane, nuclear pore, and the nucleolus.
What is the nucleus of the cell?
Eukarotyes contains what 4 kingdoms of organisms?
What are Protista, Fungi, Plants, and Animals?
Has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
What is a eukaryotic cell?
One fatty acid has a straight structure and the other fatty acid has a kinked, or bent structure. Which of the following correctly describes how high levels of fatty acid structures contribute to the rigidity of the cell membrane?
A) The cell becomes less rigid as the amount of saturated fatty acids with a straight structure increase
B) The cell membrane becomes more rigid as the amount of unsaturated fatty acids with a straight structure increase
C) The cell membrane becomes more rigid as the amount of unsaturated fatty acids with a kinked structure increases.
D) The cell membrane becomes more rigid as the amount of saturated fatty acid tails with a straight structure increase.
D
Reasoning: Saturated fatty acids have hydrocarbon tails with a straight structure. A straight structure allows many saturated fatty acids to be densely packed together, which makes the cell membrane more rigid.
Provides structural strength and support, also semi-permeable surface for molecules to pass in and out of the cell. Also made of mostly polysaccharides (cellulose)
What is a cell wall?
A series of connected flattened sacs, a part of a continuous nuclear membrane organelle within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, is involved with the production, folding, quality control of some proteins and hormones.
What is a rough endoplasmic reticulum?
ribosomes found in prokaryotes
What are 70s ribosomes?
what is the reason why cells have to be small?
cells work better with a higher surface area to volume ratio (higher surface area means less volume).
a)Identify three organelles found in plant cells but not in animal cells.
b) For each organelle you identified, describe its function and explain how it contributes to the unique functions of plant cells.
Chloroplasts: Conduct photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy, producing glucose.
Central vacuole: Stores water and solutes, maintaining turgor pressure which keeps the plant rigid.
Cell wall: Made of cellulose, provides structural support and protection.
Made of proteins and RNA, uses ATP synthase to add an inorganic phosphate to run ADP into ATP (phosphorylation), and the site of protein synthesis.
What are ribosomes?
What is a smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
3 types of bacteria shapes
what are coccus, bacillus, and spirillia?
These are the three parts of cell theory
What is:
- All living things are made up of one or more cells
- cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living cells
- New cells are produced from existing cells
Explain how the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the Golgi apparatus work together in the processing and secretion of proteins.
Proteins synthesized by ribosomes on the RER are inserted into the lumen of the RER, where they undergo folding and modifications. These proteins are then packaged into transport vesicles that bud off from the RER and travel to the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus further modifies, sorts, and packages the proteins into vesicles for transport to their final destinations, including secretion outside the cell.
A structure made up of microfilaments, actin filaments, and intermedieate filaments which are linked and held together to other organelles and the membranes by different proteins.
- makes up a cell's shape and organizes the cell's parts, keeping them in place
- helps in the formation of vacuoles and signaling- anchors organelles
What is a cytoskeleton?
Made of flattened pouches called cisternae and is near the ER and nucleus, lipids and proteins are recieved at CIS and is released at Trans Face.
Function: processes and packages proteins and lipids by folding them or adding more protein to them.
What is a golgi appatatus?
Which type of bacteria are more difficult to treat and why?
What is gram negative bacteria because they have multiple layers to their cell wall?
This is the theory of endosymbiosis
What is:
an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells englufed smaller prokaryotic cells?
Describe the main components of the cytoskeleton and their roles.
The cytoskeleton is composed of microtubules, microfilaments (actin filaments), and intermediate filaments. Microtubules provide structural support, facilitate intracellular transport, and form spindle fibers during cell division. Microfilaments support cell shape, enable cell movement and muscle contraction, and are involved in cytokinesis. Intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength and help maintain cell integrity.