Urinary
What are the 2 layers of the of the kidneys?
outer layer- renal cortex
inner layer- renal medulla
What fluid compartment is affected first when the body is becoming dehydrated?
Interstitial fluid (IF)
What are the 3 coordinated homeostatic mechanisms to maintain normal pH of body fluids?
chemical/buffer mechanism
respiratory mechanism
urinary mechanism
What condition of the kidneys is an unusually large amount of urine?
polyuria
What are the 4 gross/main structures of the urinary system?
Kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra
What structures make up the renal corpuscle?
glomerulus
bowmans capsule/renal capsule
136-145mEq/L is the normal range for sodium. What are the terms for sodium < 136 and > 145
<136- hyponatremia
>145- hypernatremia
How does the respiratory control center react to decreased level of pH?
respirations increase
what is the pH of arterial blood and pH of venous blood
pH of arterial blood 7.45
pH of venous blood 7.35
what is the body's most effective regulator of blood pH?
kidneys
What hormones play an important role in sodium and water reabsorption and by doing so, decrease urinary output?
ADH and aldosterone
What are the 4 organs that are responsible for fluid output by the body?
lungs
skin
kidneys
large intestines
what is carbonic acid (H2CO3)?
when carbon dioxide mixes with water in blood
What fluid compartment is the largest volume of body fluid?
intracellular fluid (ICF)
in blood, if H+ ion amount increases, does the blood become more acidic or more basic/alkaline?
acidic
What are the three processes of urine formation and what takes place during each process?
filtration- in the renal corpuscle; blood flowing through the glomeruli exerts pressure for the blood to go through the capsule to be filtered and removal of wastes and nutrients
reabsorption- the substances than returns to the blood capillaries (water, glucose, nutrients) to be used by the body
secretion- the filtrate than moves the substances to the renal tubules from the peritubular capillaries such as excess ions and waste to be urinated
What 3 main factors does the body use for balancing plasma, Interstitial Fluid and Intracellular Fluid volumes?
regulating fluid output
regulating fluid input
exchanging of fluids between compartments and from place to place within the body
what are the two buffered pairs of the buffering mechanism?
NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate)
H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
what is a complication of metabolic alkalosis?
severe vomitting
What is the countercurrent mechanism of the urinary system?
system in which renal tubule filatrate flows in the opposite direction (down the descending lim and up the ascending limb), maintaining a hyperosmotic medulla facilitating urine concentration
What are the 7 structures involved with urine formation?
proximal convoluted tubule
descending limb
henle loop or loop of henle
ascending limb
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
What is the difference between an electrolyte and a nonelectrolyte?
electrolyte is a compound that breaks up/apart in a water solution into separate particles called ions
nonelectroyte is an organic substance that does not break up/apart when placed in a water solution
What does compensation of acid-base balance mean?
body able to counteract an abnormal shift in blood pH from homeostatic balance, thus compensating for the change
Explain RAAS
1. Renin is released by the juxtaglumerular apparatus when blood volume and BP are low
2. Renin converts angiotensinogen in plasma to angiotensin 1
3. angiotensin 1 converts to angiotension 2
4. angiotensin 2 promotes adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone to promote water reabsorption by kidneys, therefore restoring plasma volume
OR
4. angiotensin 2 promotes vasoconstriction of arterioles threfore restoring BP
What is the function of the juxtamedullary nephron?
concentrate urine