Blood
What are the different types of formed elements
RBC's
WBC's
platelets
What heart rate is considered bradycardic/bradycardia
and tachycardic/tachycardia
bradycardic/bradycardia: <60
tachycardic/tachycardia: >100
What is structurally different between a vein and an artery?
vein: has valves, lower pressure, thinner tunica media, tunica externa is the thickest layer
artery: does not have valves, higher pressure, has elastic tissue, tunica media thinner, tunica externa is thinner than tunica media
What are the types of WBC's that are granular leukocytes?
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
What are the types of WBC's that are agranular leukocytes?
lymphocytes
monocytes
What is hematopoesis?
formation of new blood cells; takes place in myeloid tissue and lymphoid tissue
What are the 2 semilunar valves and the 2 atrioventricular valves
semilunar (SL) valves: aortic and pulmonic
atrioventricular (AV) valves: tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral)
What type of shock results from the loss of blood volume in the blood vessels?
hypovolemic shock
What part of the RBC allows the cell to adapt to different sizes of blood vessels to continue in circulation?
the biconcave disc shape
What happens to blood when there is an incompatability between blood typing or and/or rh factor
agglutination (clumping)
What does it mean if a RBC is microcytic and hyperchromic?
small in size with an excess of hemoglobin
What is the difference between a thrombus and an embolism?
thrombus is a stationary clot (stays in one place)
embolus is a traveling clot
If a blood vessel has increased resistance with smaller diameter as in smooth muscle contraction, what is going to happen to blood pressure?
The opposite will happen in a blood vessel that has decreased resistance with larger diameter as in smooth muscle relaxation, what is going to happen to blood pressure?
increase BP
decreased BP
What is the universal donor and universal recipient?
universal donor O-
universal recepient AB+
Describe the deflection waves of the EKG/ECG
P wave: atrial depolarization
QRS complex: atrial repolarization
ventricular depolarization
T wave: ventricular repolarization
What is the difference between an antigen and an antibody?
antigen (found on the surface of a RBC) is a substance that can stimulate the body to make antibodies, body recognizes the antigen as foreign
antibody substance made by the body in response to stimulation by an antigen
Describe the conduction system of the heart ( 4 main structures)
Atrioventricular (AV) node
bundle of His (AV bundle)
purkinje fibers (subendocardial branches)
What are the 5 unique structures to fetal circulation?
placenta
umbilical cord (2 arteries/1 vein)
ductus venosus
foramen ovale
ductus arteriosis
What are the 9 major pulse points of the body?
temporal
carotid
apical
brachial
radial
femoral
popliteal
posterior tibial
dorsalis pedis (pedal pulse)
What is the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation?
pulmonary circulation- flow of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium
systemic circulation- flow of blood from the left ventricle throughout the body and back to the right atrium
Describe what happens in the blood clotting cascade
An injury to the skin takes place
causing a release of clotting factors and sticky platelets to area of injury
this release of clotting factors- causes prothrombin to convert to thrombin by use of prothrombin activator AND calcium
this conversion then causes fibrinogen to form fibrin trapping RBCs and platelets to form a blood clot
What is the blood flow circulation through the heart starting with the inferior/superior vena cava?
inferior/superior vena vava, right atrium, through tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, systemic circulation
What is unique about the hepatic portal circulation?
route of blood flow to and through the liver, veins from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder and intestines is detoured to the liver to the inferior vena cava
What 5 factors influence blood pressure?
blood volume
strength of heart contractions
heart rate
blood viscosity
resistance to blood flow
What is the blood supply to the heart muscle
coronary circulation involving the right and left coronary arteries