AP Chem Sem 2

Thermochemistry

100

What is the formula for standard free energy for electrochemical and electrolytic cells? What is the formula for standard free energy when the reaction is not at standard conditions? 

Delta G = -nFE^oCell, Delta G = Delta G^o + RTln(Q)

200

What is the formula for calorimeter heat capacity?

C = q/Delta T

300

This question has two parts:

1. What is the formula for work energy? 

2a) If Q<0, the reaction is ______.

b) If Q>0, the reaction is ______.

c) If W<0, the gas ______.

d) if W>0, the gas ______.

1. W = (P)(Delta V)

2a. exothermic

b. endothermic

c. expands

d. compresses

400

1. If H<0 and S>0, the reaction is _______.

2. If H>0 and S<0, the reaction is _______.

3. If H<0 and S<0, the reaction is _______.

4. If H>0 and S>0, the reaction is _______.

1. Thermodynamically favored at all temperatures. 

2. Not thermodynamically favored at all temperatures.

3. Can be thermodynamically favored at low temperatures.

4. Can be thermodynamically favored at high temperatures.

Kinetics

100

What are the four factors that affect reaction rate?

Temperature, concentration, surface area, and catalysts.

200

What is the formula for the half life of a second order reaction?

t_1/2 = 1/k[A]_o

300

Fill in the blank.

Nuclear Decay reactions are ______.

First order reactions

400

What is the formula for the relationship between reaction rate and temperature (Arrhenius Equation)?

k = Ae^-E_a/RT

500

What is the integrated rate law for a zeroth order reaction? What is the formula for the half life of a zeroth order reaction? 

[A]_t = -kt + [A]_o , t_1/2 = [A]_o/2k

Properties of Light, Quantum Mechanics, Periodic Trends, and Bonding

100

What two elements have electron deficits? 

Boron and Beryllium 

200

What is the formula for Coulomb's Law? 

F = Qq₁q₂/r²

300

Where in an atomic structure would you label a sigma bond and where would you label a pi bond?

Sigma bond in a single bond, Pi bond in double/triple bonds. 

400

What are the steric numbers for the following VSPER shapes? 

Linear, bent, trigonal planar, irregular tetrahedral, square pyramidal

Linear: 2

Bent: 4

Trigonal Planar: 3

Irregular tetrahedral: 5

Square pyramidal: 6

500

What is the hybridization for each steric number? 

Steric number of 2: sp

Steric number of 3: sp²

Steric number of 4: sp³

Steric number of 5: dsp³

Steric number of 6: d²sp³

IMFs, Phases, Phase Changes, and Solutions

100

What are the three types of intermolecular forces from weakest to strongest? 

LDF, Dipole Interactions, H-Bonding

200

Fill in the blanks.

The stronger the intermolecular forces, the _____ the boiling point of the molecule. The stronger the intermolecular bonds, the _____ the heat of vaporization. 

Higher, stronger

300

This question has multiple parts. 

1. What is the relationship between IMFs and Surface Area?

2. What is the relationship between IMFs and Viscosity?

3. What is the relationship between IMFs and Vapor Pressure?

4. What is a barometer used for? 

1. Greater IMFs, greater SA

2. Greater IMFs, greater viscosity

3. Greater IMFs, lower VP

4. Used to measure pressure

400

Describe how to prepare a 100 ml of 3.00 M HCl from 12.0 M concentrated HCl. 

Measure approxiamtely 50 mL of water into a volumetric flask using a beaker. Using a buret, measure exactly 25.0 mL of HCl into the volumetric flask. Add acid slowly to the water. Add water into the volumetric flask until the total volume is exactly 100 mL. 

500

Describe chromatography and the formula for retention factor. 

Separates the components of a solution based on their differing molecular structures and resulting in differing intermolecular forces. In an experiment, the solvent is called the "mobile phase" and the paper is called the stationary phase. The more solubility/affinity a dye has for a solvent and the weaker and the weaker the ADSORBTION, the farther the dye will travel up the paper. Components of a solution will separate according to how readily they dissolve in the mobile phase versus how strongly the adsorb onto the stationary phase. 

Retention factor formula:

R_f = distance traveled by solute/distance traveled by solvent

Solids and Gases (IMFs continued)

100

What are the five types of crystalline solids? 

Ionic solids, molecular solids, atomic solids, network solids, metallic solids

200

What is lattice energy and what kind of process is it?

Energy released when forming an ionic salt. Exothermic process. 

300

What is the relationship between lattice energy and melting point? 

The higher the lattice energy, the higher the melting point. 

400

What is effusion? 

The process through which gas particles escape through a hole in their container. 

500

What are the three formulas for kinetic energy?

KE = 3/2RT

KE = 0.5mv²

v = square root of 3RT/M