1.6
The graph that shows the relative number of electrons in each subshell
What is photoelectron spectroscopy, or what is photoelectron spectrum?
Elements in the same column exhibit similar behavior because they share the same number of these
What are valence electrons
Across a period, this factor increases while the number of shells remains constant, causing the atom to "shrink."
What is the number of protons (or nuclear charge)?
As you move left-to-right across a period, atomic radius does this
What is decreasing?
The number of peaks on a PES spectrum corresponds to the number of these within an atom.
What are occupied subshells? (e.g., 1s, 2s, 2p)
The number of peaks in a photoelectron spectrum represents the number of..
What are subshells/ electron orbitals?
Each new row on the periodic table represents the filling of a new one of these, denoted by the principal quantum number
What is an energy level or shell
F=(q1q2)/r2
What is Coulomb's Law/ Coulombic attraction?
This happens to the radius of a neutral atom when it loses an electron to become a cation.
What is it decreases?
What the height of a peak in a PES spectrum represents
What is the relative number of electrons in that subshell?
The ground-state electron configuration of Mg
what is 1s22s22p63s2
Beyond full shells, recurring properties are also explained by the presence of these "partially filled" regions.
What are subshells?
This concept explains why valence electrons feel a weaker pull from the nucleus than core electrons do.
What is shielding
A Fluoride ion (F-) is significantly larger than a neutral Fluorine atom (F). Explain why this occurs, considering that the number of protons remains the same.
This additional electron increases electron-electron repulsions within the valence shell. To minimize these repulsions, the electron cloud expands, resulting in a larger radius.
On a PES graph, the peak with the highest binding energy (usually on the far left) represents electrons in this specific subshell.
What is the 1s subshell?
The ground state electron configuration of Br
What is 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p5
The reason a Sulfur (S) atom has a smaller atomic radius than a Magnesium (Mg) atom, even though they are in the same period
What is Zeff?
This value is the net positive charge experienced by an electron, roughly equal to the total number of protons minus core electrons.
What is effective nuclear charge (Zeff)?
The specific reason why the atomic radius decreases as you move from left to right across Period 3.
What is an increase in Effective Nuclear Charge
This is the term for the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound
What is Empirical Formula?
The ground state electron configuration of Li
what is 1s22s1
Arrange the following elements in order of increasing electronegativity: Carbon (C), Fluorine (F), and Lithium (Li).
Li < C < F
Fluorine has the highest electronegativity because it has the most protons in its period without adding extra shells. This allows its nucleus to exert the strongest pull on shared electrons in a chemical bond.
This fundamental law describing the attraction between charges is used to qualitatively understand all periodic trends.
What is Coulomb's Law?
This trend explains why it is harder to remove an electron from Fluorine than from Cesium.
What is Ionization Energy?
The full electron configuration for a neutral Nitrogen atom
What is 1s22s22p3?