AP Chemistry

Unit 1 Atomic Structure & Properties

100

This principle states that electrons occupy the lowest energy orbitals first.

The Aufbau Principle

200

This is the ground-state electron configuration for a Cu⁺ ion.

[Ar] 3d¹⁰

300

Why does Chlorine have an average atomic mass of 35.45 amu?

Isotopes and Relative Abundance

400

This periodic trend explains why Chlorine has a smaller atomic radius than Sodium.

Effective Nuclear Charge (Z_eff)

500

This experimental technique uses high-energy photons to eject electrons, providing evidence for shell structure.

Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES)

Unit 2 Molecular Structure & Properties

100

Which elements form hydrogen bonds with Hydrogen?

Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Fluorine (N, O, F)

200

What is the bond angle of a trigonal pyramidal molecule?

107^o (or slightly less than 109.5^o)

300

What type of solid conducts electricity only when liquid?

Ionic Solid

400

How many sigma and pi bonds are in ethyne?

1 sigma and 2 pi bonds

500

Why are the bonds in the nitrate ion equal in length?

Resonance

Unit 3 Intermolecular Forces

100

What is Boyle's Law?

There is an inverse relationship between Pressure (P) and Volume (V)

200

What is the hybridization of Carbon in CO₂?

sp hybridization

300

Which has the higher boiling point, NH₃ or PH₃?

NH₃ (due to Hydrogen Bonding)

400

What factor causes real gases to deviate from ideal behavior at high pressure?

Particulate Volume (or size)

500

On a Phase Change Diagram, why does temperature remain constant during phase changes?

The added heat energy is being used to break intermolecular forces, not increase the temperature.

Unit 4 Chemical Reactions

100

What is the loss of electrons called?

Oxidation

200

What are the ions called that do not participate in a chemical reaction?

Spectator ions.

300

What is the stoichiometric point in a titration?

Equivalence Point

400

Why is HF not a strong acid?

HF does not fully dissociate in water.

500

What is the most precise tool for diluting a solution?

Volumetric Flask

Potpourri

100

What is a bond formed by the transfer of electrons?

Ionic Bond.

200

Which molecular halogen has the strongest London Dispersion Forces?

Bromine (Br₂)

300

What are the 5 main types of chemical reactions?

Synthesis, Decomposition, Combustion, Single Replacement, Double Replacement

400

Which compound has a higher lattice energy, MgO or NaF?

MgO, because the +2/-2 onic charge differential.

500

What law explains why every sample of H₂O is always 11% Hydrogen and 89% Oxygen by mass?

The Law of Definite Proportions (or Constant Composition)