AP Chemistry Midterm Review 2023

Atomic and Electronic Structure

100

Correct ordering of atoms in terms of increasing atomic radius

Fe³⁺, Fe, Fe²⁺

Fe³⁺ <Fe²⁺ < Fe

200

Boron

300

True or False: The PES of Ca²⁺ and Ar should be the same

False

400

This element is:

1s²2s²2p⁶3s¹

Sodium

500

Mo

Models of Covalent Bonding

100

The reasoning for why the lattice energy of MgO is greater than that of MgCl₂

Mg and O have higher overall charges than Mg and Cl so the numerator of the Coloumb's law is greater and then energy holding them together is stronger

200

These atoms differ in molecular geometry because

Sulfur has a lone pair on the oxygen which leads to a bent structure rather than a linear structure

300

This is why ionic solids only conduct electricity in aqueous solution

Ionic solids separate into ions in solution surrounded by hydration spheres. This allows electrons (electricity) to move through the solution. In the solid state there is no motion or separate of ions so electricty can't conduct

400

True or False: The formal charges in this molecule represent a major contributor to the resonance structure

False

500

The hybridization of the carbon atom can best be described as

sp²

Gas Laws

100

The conditions under which a gas is said to be most ideal

High temperature, low pressure

200

How would this graph change if the temperature of the system was decreased

see board

300

These molecules will have the most similar rate of effusion

HCl and CO₂

HCl and NH₃

CO₂ and SO₂

HCl and CO₂

400

This gas has the highest average molecular speed when held at 500 K:

H₂, O₂, He, Ar

H₂

500

The impact that intermolecular forces would have on an ideal gas's behavior

Volume/Pressure

Solutions

100

All of these molecules are similar in that they contain ___ IMFs

NH₃

HF

H₂O

H bonding

200

Why is the boiling point of CO₂ lower than that of SO₂?

SO₂ is polar and CO₂ is nonpolar

300

An endothermic solution process has this relationship between the strength of IMFs formed and those broken

IMFs formed in the solution are weaker than those broken, Net gain of heat

400

Would H₂O and NaCl form an ideal solution? Explain

No. Formation of ion-dipole interactions are more favorable than the interactions independently and therefore likely to be a negative deviation from Raoult's law

500

Using this phase diagram, explain why CO₂ can sublime under our atmospheric conditions

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