Ecosystem Dynamics
Carnivores eating primary consumers is an example of what kind of producer?
Secondary Consumers
______ flows through trophic levels but is lost as heat, moving out of the ecosystem
Energy
Energy is used for daily activities like movement and heat regulation and lost as heat. What is this?
Energy Use
Complex systems of interconnected food chains within ecosystems that depict how energy and matter move among various species.
Food Webs
Herbivores eating producers is an example of what kind of consumer?
Primary Consumer
_____ make food via photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, forming the base of the food chain
Producers
When organisms consume others, only a small fraction of energy is transferred due to:
Energy Loss
Changes in the abundance of one species can cause direct and indirect effects on other species in the web, creating positive or negative _______
Feedback Loops
Carnivores eating secondary consumers is an example of what kind of consumer?
Tertiary Consumers
_____ cycles through food chains and is conserved.
Matter
Represents biomass or energy distribution; most energy is at the producer level, decreasing up the _____.
Trophic Pyramid
What is defined as the position of an organism in the food chain?
Trophic Level
_____ shows energy flow from producers to tertiary consumers.
Food Chain
Some plant and animal parts are excreted or regurgitated, which are called what?
Undigestible Parts
Ecosystems consist of diverse organisms like animals, plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria interacting as predators, prey, parasites, competitors, and mutualists.
Ecosystem Composition
Ecologists study energy and matter movement to understand ______ and management. Energy flows through food chains, while matter cycles within ecosystems.
Ecosystem Function
Only 5-20% (average 10%) of energy is passed to the next trophic level—known as the 10% rule.
Energy Efficiency