Environmental Figures
______ was the first president of the Sierra Club and argued that nature deserves to exist for its own sake irrespective of its economic usefulness to people.
a. Teddy Roosevelt
b. Rachel Carson
c. Gifford Pinchot
d. John Muir
e. Aldo Leopold
d. John Muir
Concerns that people of color and poor people are unevenly exposed to environmental pollution are most likely to be addressed by people who believe in the
a)Earth stewardship view
b)Planetary manager view
c)Ecofeminist point of view
d)The environmental justice movement
e)Sustainability point of view
d)The environmental justice movement
Which of the following would be an external cost?
a)The cost of steel in making a refrigerator
b)The cost of running a refrigerator for one month
c)The cost of labor in producing refrigerators
d)The taxes paid by consumers in purchasing refrigerators
e)The costs associated with health care when the refrigerator leaks refrigerant into the atmosphere
e)The costs associated with health care when the refrigerator leaks refrigerant into the atmosphere
The amount of the environment necessary to produce the goods and services necessary to support a particular lifestyle is known as
a) A resource partition
b) An ecological footprint
c) The per capita index requirement
d) The lifestyle index
e) Commons
b) An ecological footprint
What did Rachel Carson advise regarding the use of chemical pesticides?
a. total banning of chemical pesticides in the US
b. total banning of chemical pesticides around the world
c. caution in the use of chemical pesticides
d. greater use of chemical pesticides, particularly for control of significant agricultural pests
c. caution in the use of chemical pesticides
a) anthropocentric thinking
b) ecocentric thinking
c) biocentric thinking
d) green thinking
b) ecocentric thinking
Which of the following strategies to control pollution would incur the greatest governmental cost?
a) Green taxes
b) Government subsidies for reducing pollution
c) Regulation
d) Charging a user fee
e) Tradable pollution rights
c) Regulation
Which of the following items includes the others?
a) Renewable resources
b) Natural resources
c) Economic resources
d) Manufactured capital
e) Labor
c) Economic resources
Gifford Pinchot believed that resources should be used for the greatest good for the greatest number for the longest time and thus he practiced
a. biocentric preservation
b. utilitarian conservation
c. holistic preservation
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
b. utilitarian conservation
Biocentric preservation is a philosophy that supports the belief that
a. the biosphere is a central resource for humans
b. humans must manage resources for maximum productivity
c. preservation of wildlife is needed for human survival
d. all living things have a fundamental right to exist
e. all living things have value for humans
d. all living things have a fundamental right to exist
All of the following are examples of externalities EXCEPT
a) Farmers that purchase cows for milk can also use the cows’ fecal wastes as crop manure.
b) A construction worker purchases an automobile that reduces his commute time to work.
c) A factory produces air pollution that leads to acid rain in the neighboring forest area.
d) The construction of a new football stadium leads to increased income for local businesses.
e) Driving electric and hybrid vehicles reduces the amount of greenhouse gas emissions.
b) A construction worker purchases an automobile that reduces his commute time to work.
Of the choices listed, cap-and-trade policies have historically been used in controlling
a) Over-fishing
b) Dumping trash into the open sea
c) Carbon dioxide emissions
d) The storage of nuclear wastes
e) The release of dioxin and other pollutants into groundwater systems
c) Carbon dioxide emissions
Thomas Malthus introduced
a. the study of human demographics
b. the hypothesis that humans could exceed Earth's carrying capacity
c. the concept of variation in replacement level fertility due to differences in industrialization
d. the age structure diagram
e. the concept of population momentum
b. the hypothesis that humans could exceed Earth's carrying capacity
Which of the following is the most inclusive ethical perspective on the environment?
a. anthropocentric ethics
b. biocentric ethics
c. ecocentric ethics
d. research ethics
c. ecocentric ethics
All of the following are examples of NEGATIVE externalities EXCEPT
a) global climate change as a result of greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of coal, oil, and gasoline.
b) increased pollination rates of surrounding crop plants as a result of local beekeeping.
c) a pulp mill that produces paper and pollutes the surrounding water and air.
d) runoff of pesticides and fertilizers from a farm into a nearby river.
e) acid deposition in the Adirondacks as a result of coal-burning power plants in the Midwest.
b) increased pollination rates of surrounding crop plants as a result of local beekeeping.
Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with “The Tragedy of the Commons” by Garrett Hardin?
a) We will always add one too many cows to the village commons, destroying it
b) The destruction of the commons will not be stopped by shame, moral admonitions, or cultural mores anywhere nearly as effectively as it will be by the government
c) The “Tragedy of the Commons” is a modern phenomenon. Humans are not capable of doing too much damage until the population exceeded certain numbers and their technological tools became powerful beyond a certain point
d) A free-market economy, based on capitalism, does not contribute to the “Tragedy of the Commons”
e) We will always opt for an immediate benefit at the expense of less-tangible values such as the availability of a resource to future generations
d) A free-market economy, based on capitalism, does not contribute to the “Tragedy of the Commons”
a) Paul Ehrlich
b) Rachel Carson
c) Gifford Pinchot
d) Thomas Malthus
a) Paul Ehrlich
Which of the following philosophies would be advocated by someone with the “environmental wisdom” point of view?
a) As the planet’s dominant species, we are most important.
b) All economic growth is good
c) Society can use resources at an uncontrolled pace
d) We will do best when humans manage the planet
e) All species are important, and we are not in charge.
e) All species are important, and we are not in charge.
Full cost pricing by the internalization of externalities could result in which of the following?
a) Higher prices and a reduction in the consumption of items with high negative impacts
b) Lower prices and an increase in the consumption of items with high negative impacts
c) Greater consumer demand for products with high negative impacts
d) Lower production costs due to diminishing natural resources
e) Reduced production of environmentally friendly goods and services
a) Higher prices and a reduction in the consumption of items with high negative impacts
Shifting taxes to tax pollution and waste rather than taxing the cost of products will allow people to
a) Maximize profit
b) Increase the tax base in a city
c) Use tax money for local schools
d) Shift to a pattern of more sustainable development
e) Keep the cost of collecting taxes down
d) Shift to a pattern of more sustainable development