Unit 1
a philosophy that focused on the unlimited potential of human beings as an end in themselves
What is humanism?
Augustinian monk and Christian humanist that started writing grievances when he studied the Book of Romans in the New Testament → taught person’s salvation was by grace alone
Who is Martin Luther?
Fronde - the rebellion of French nobles against Cardinal Mazarin made the french people realize this
What made the French people realize they need a strong ruler to prevent rebellions and other uprisings?
emphasized observation and experimentation in order to understand the physical world
What was the Scientific Method?
allowed printed works to be copied and published quickly and cheaply
What did the printing press do?
Ferdinand and Isabella began this through strong leadership
Began the unification of Spain and the consolidation of monarchical power
massacre of Huguenots led by the Bourbon Family
What was the Massacre of Vassy?
The government is limited by the rule of law
What is Constitutionalism?
produced many writings in many different genres that had a common theme – criticism of the social and religious institutions of France
What did Voltaire do
language of the common people and not Latin → led to the development of national culture to emerge
What was vernacular literature?
first European country to actively seek a sea route to Asia by sailing around Africa
What did Portugal do during the age of exploration?
marks the end of the Thirty Years’ War and marked a turning point in European History because it marked the end of all of Europe’s religious wars
What is the Peace of Westphalia
Was a constitutional monarchy but weak. The nobility defied the king and didn’t have a robust bureaucracy to unite the country
What was the Partition of Poland?
She Reformed the penal system to outlaw torture and capital punishment, Reformed education and patronized the arts, and Similar to Frederick – undermined the nobility and consolidated her power
What did Catherine 2 of Russia or Catherine the Great do?
denounced the Pope and Parliament and formed the Church of England
Who was Henry VII of England?
Disease, food, animals, minerals, and people
What did the Columbian exchange trade?
Formed to reform the Catholic Church and forge some reconciliation with Protestants. They suppressed simony and forbade the sale of indulgences and reaffirmed the celibacy of the clergy
What was the Council of Trent
More people were moving from rural areas to urban areas
What were the population movements of the agricultural revolution
European marriage pattern hindered population growth
Emphasis on the nuclear family (not extended) → people were marrying later and later causes what?
The power to choose the religion of their subjects was also a means of consolidating power.
What was the reasoning behind the Peace of Augsburg?
A type of company created during the commercial revolution (and its definition)
Joint-Stock Company - investors bought stock in a company’s profits raising large amounts of capital
Art that was extravagant in the form of ornate, and detailed in style, and highly emotional and dramatic. Began in Rome during the Catholic Reformation. Wanted to appeal to people and persuade them to reinvest their confidence in the Church
What was Baroque
Before the factory became the dominant mode of manufacturing goods during the Industrial Revolution, goods for purchase were mainly made in people’s homes
What were the characteristics of the cottage industry?
simplicity and symmetry, emphasized in the literature
What is Neoclassicism?
criticized the corruption of the church through grievances → called the church and leaders to reform
What was the 95 Theses?