Age of Exploration
Where did Portugal establish their commercial network?
Along the African coast, in South and East Asia, and in South America.
What are the three Cs that make up the causes of the Reformation?
Crises of the Church, Corruption in the Church, Critics of the Church
What is the Peace of Augsburg (1555)?
Princes in Germany could choose either Protestantism or Catholicism for their states.
What did Pope Paul III do to address the Protestant Reformation?
Sought to improve the Church through existing doctrine, called the first Council of Trent.
Define and describe the purpose of the Escorial.
A new royal palace in Spain (also monastery and mausoleum) built to commemorate the death of a saint--symbolized the power of Philip and his commitment to his Catholic crusade.
Bartholomew de las Casas wrote A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies. What did it talk about?
Publicly criticized the ruthlessness with which the explorers/settlers treated the native population. His writings helped spread the "black legend" where people thought only Catholic countries were to blame.
Describe the 95 Theses along with the main Church issue that inspired them to be written.
Luther wrote the 95 Theses in 1517 partially in response to Johann Tetzel selling indulgences to pay for Michelangelo's work on the Basilica.
They criticized the selling of indulgences, along with questioning the authority of the pope.
Name some differences between Lutheranism and Calvinism.
Calvinism - predestination, Eucharist is only symbolic, absolute sovereignty of god
Lutheranism - salvation through faith (not predestined), Eucharist contains "real presence", the question of sovereignty is not as important
Who were the Jesuits?
Monastic order founded by Ignatius Loyola who wanted to reform the church through education, spread the gospel to pagan peoples, and fight Protestantism.
What happened between Spain and England in 1588?
Spain attempted to invade England, armada was defeated by English navy.
What is the Treaty of Tordesillas, and why was it needed?
The New World was divided between Spain and Portugal, who were fighting over their discoveries. The divide allowed Portugal to keep Brazil and the slave trade.
What are the main tenets of Luther's Protestantism?
Salvation through faith alone, Bible is the sole authority, only two sacraments, advocated consubstantiation ("real presence" vs actual body/blood), priesthood of all believers, rejection of monastic tenets
Name three religious groups in countries outside of the HRE that have their origins in Calvinism.
Presbyterians, Huguenots, Puritans
What were the results of the Council of Trent?
Establish Catholic dogma for centuries, confirmed equal validity of scripture, Church traditions, and writings of church fathers, salvation through faith and good works, all seven sacraments, transubstantiation, monasticism.
Also established the Index of Forbidden Books.
Curtailed some of the church abuses of power.
Describe the St Bartholomew Day Massacre.
Henry of Guise ordered a hit on a Huguenot leader, which led to rioting. Catherine de Medici ordered the massacre of Huguenots in response. The massacre initiated the War of the Three Henrys.
Define and describe the purpose of the Middle Passage.
The journey for slaves from West Africa to the New World. Portugal first introduced slavery to farm the sugar plantations in Brazil, realized it would be a lucrative market to those settling the New World.
What was the significance of the Diet of Worms?
It was a tribunal of the HRE for Charles V to hear from Luther before allowing him to be excommunicated. Luther refused to recant his writings, so in the Edict of Worms, he was outlawed as a heretic.
How did Henry VIII use the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Succession to enact his religious power?
Act of Supremacy - made the king the official head of the church (also allowed Catholic lands to be confiscated, and closed monasteries)
Act of Succession - all of the king's subjects had to take an oath of loyalty to the king as the head of the church
Describe mannerism and give a specific example of a Mannerist artist.
Mannerism is a rebellion against the ideals of high Renaissance art--used unnatural colors, elongated shapes, exaggerated details.
El Greco is an example.
How did the Edict of Restitution (1629) impact Europe?
This is when the HRE declared all church territories that had been secularized since 1552 to be automatically restored to the Catholic Church. This angered the German princes, caused Protestants to flee Germany into other countries who were then alarmed (and some intervened, like Sweden), and contributed to France's decision to enter the war.
Define and describe both Triangular Trade and the Columbian Exchange.
Triangular Trade - Britain shipped textiles/rum/manufactured goods to Africa, slaves were taken from Africa to the Americas, natural resources and gold/silver transported from the Americas to Britain
Columbian Exchange - exchange of goods between the Americas and Europe (Europeans got improved diet, increased wealth, global empires; Americans got disease, violence, oppression).
What was the motivation of many German princes and other nobles converting to Lutheranism?
They could escape the authority of the Church and confiscate Catholic property for the state's benefit.
How did Mary and Elizabeth Tudor view religion differently, and what was Elizabeth's approach to religious freedom?
Mary - strongly Catholic, called "Bloody Mary" for her persecution of Protestants
Elizabeth - Protestant views, drafted the Elizabethan Settlement which allowed private practice of other religions
Describe Baroque Art and give an example.
Baroque art sought to overwhelm the viewer, used to demonstrate the glory and power of the Catholic Church--emphasizes grandeur, emotion, movement, and unity.
Examples: Bernini (Colonnade, the Baldachin, sculpture), Rubens, Caraveggio, Velazquez, Gentileschi
Define and describe the two parts of the Interregnum.
1 - The Commonwealth (A republic was created after the war that abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords)
2 - The Protectorate (Cromwell dissolved the Rump Parliament and instituted a Puritan dictatorship)