The Renaissance
This intellectual movement focused on the study of Greek and Roman classics and emphasized the value of the individual.
What is humanism?
This was the global transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the New World and the Old World.
What is the Columbian Exchange?
This marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. Written by Martin Luther.
This 1598 decree by Henry IV granted limited religious toleration to the French Huguenots.
What is the Edict of Nantes?
This "Little" climatic event caused famine, delayed marriages, and economic decline across Europe in the late 16th century.
What is the Little Ice Age?
Unlike the Italian Renaissance, this movement in Northern Europe focused more on "Christian Humanism" and using the classics to reform the Church.
What is the Northern Renaissance?
This economic system argued that a nation’s power was based on its wealth (gold/silver), that wealth was fixed, and required a favorable balance of trade.
What is Mercantilism?
John Calvin’s most distinct doctrine was this idea—that God has already determined who will be saved and who will be damned.
What is Predestination?
This was the "spark" of the Thirty Years' War, involving Protestant nobles throwing Catholic officials out a window in Bohemia.
What is the Defenestration of Prague?
This period between 1580 and 1650 saw a massive peak in these accusations, primarily targeting older, marginalized women.
What are Witchcraft Trials (or Great Witch Craze)?
He wrote The Prince, advising rulers that it is better to be feared than loved and that the "ends justify the means."
Who is Niccolò Machiavelli?
This invention by Johannes Gutenberg allowed for the rapid spread of Renaissance and Reformation ideas across Europe.
What is the Printing Press?
This 1555 agreement allowed German princes to choose either Catholicism or Lutheranism for their territory, but ignored Calvinism.
What is the Peace of Augsburg?
This 1648 treaty ended the Thirty Years' War, recognized Calvinism, and established the modern system of sovereign states.
What is the Peace of Westphalia?
This Protestant concept suggested that a woman's primary role was to be a pious housewife and educator of her children.
"Christian Household" (or Domesticity)?
This artistic style, which followed the High Renaissance, used distortion, drama, and illusion to promote the power of monarchs and the Church.
What is Mannerism (or Baroque)?
This was the transition from a local, small-scale economy to a global, silver-based economy involving joint-stock companies.
What is the Commercial Revolution?
These "radical" reformers believed in adult baptism and the total separation of church and state, often leading to their persecution by both Catholics and other Protestants.
Who are the Anabaptists?
This French politician and Cardinal put the interests of the State (France) above his religion by supporting Protestants in the Thirty Years' War to weaken the Habsburgs.
Who is Cardinal Richelieu?
These were communal rituals of public humiliation (like the stocks or public whipping) used by authorities to enforce moral norms.
What is Charivari (or Skimmington)?
This Northern Humanist wrote The Praise of Folly to criticize the corruptions of the Church while remaining a devout Catholic.
Who is Desiderius Erasmus?
This treaty, mediated by the Pope, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and Spain.
What is the Treaty of Tordesillas?
This 16th-century meeting redefined Catholic dogma, abolished the sale of indulgences, and reaffirmed the Pope’s authority as part of the Catholic Reformation.
What is the Council of Trent?
This term refers to "religious moderates" like Elizabeth I or Henry IV who prioritized political stability over religious purity.
What are Politiques?
This economic process in the East (Poland/Russia) saw nobles tighten their grip on peasants, contrasting with the "free peasantry" emerging in Western Europe.
What is the "Second Serfdom"?