unit 1
Erasmus
wrote a book called in praise of folly (foolishness),saying when it comes to the priests etc he's wondering why they are so reach.He says if the disciples of jesus were so poor why are they not,because they are more focused on money.
Martin Luther
his ideas inspired lutheranism and also inspired john calvin to make the religion calvinism
wrote the 95 thesis talking about saying that they are weak , and have no power and only want money. made a statement denouncing the catholic church and their privileges
indulgences were gone
got kicked out and excommunicated with the catholic church
salvation by faith alone
primacy of scripture
Glorious Revolution
Parliament sent representatives to the Netherlands to invite William and Mary to invade England & overthrow James II; constitutional monarchy is formed
Rene Descartes
What is Deductoove Reasoning?
Cahiers de Doléances
–Cahiers de doléances:notebook full of grievances , the monarch tells the people of the country to write a list of grievances, which was not a normal thing to happen.
–very simple and basic list
european motivations for colonization
they wanted more terriories for harvesting raw materials, such as spices.
they owned a dutch east india country
tolerance for political events , let the people decide what religion is worshiped in their state, (lutheran, catholic,),but he won't let you choose calvinist.
CAUSED THE 30 years of war
Peter the Great
Wanted to "westernize" Russia; traveled Western Europe to learn about tech, government, economy, and culture.
john locke
Against absolutism & promoted natural rights (life, liberty, & property)
tennis court oath
ennis Court Oath - –in may 1789 representative throughout france come to paris for the estates general to convince
–the three estates meet separately
–no change happened with them meeting
–before the tennis court oath the third estate declares a national assembly
–the third estate says “we are the legitimate government of france”
–after that, the third estate gets locked out of the meeting hall, which results them to go to a tennis court
–the third estate vowels to continue meeting until they write a french constitution
–the third estate wants a constitutional monarch
Petrarach
describe the middle age europe the dark ages, and he found ancient roman work and translated it. He's a men of letters
edict of nantes
henry the 4th converted to catholic because the majority of france was already catholic, so people can be on their side
valuing catholic power over religion
english bill of rights
the english parliament write the bill of rights to protect your rights from the government
checking and define power that government can and can't do
jean jacques roussueou
believed that a social contract excited between the people and government
advanced the idea of the general will of the people(a government reflects the desires of the people)
believed childhood is a distinct part of development
believed women had no business being involved in politics and have rights
robspiere
–vision of a french society grounded in moral purity, civic duty and loyalty to the principles of liberty and equality inspired by the enlightenment philosophers such a rosseau, france needed to be purified
Machivelli
wants a reformed government, which means he doesn't want the catholic church to rule,absolutism,they are gonna have all the power going from middle age into modern europe.they needed a monarch who is secular”non religious” to rule,Which niccolo is that person
thirty years of war
phase 1- the bohemian phase
there was tension in the region because there was a new prince which was catholic but the majority of of bohemian has been worshiping lutheran
a messenger from the hre tells the bohemian people to drop their luterns and transfer over to catholic , he gets thrown out a window which is the defenestration of prague is the main event of phase one, it means to throw people out the window
This was a clear sign to the catholic that war is about to start(a civil war/local war starts) against the luterns of bohemia vs the catholics of hre.
phase 2- the danish phase (denmark)
at this point in time, the catholics are winning
they start to become confident and start to recatholizie the holy roman empire .
The danish lends some military support to the lutherans/protestant.
phase 3 -sweden phase, swedish swords, french fund
the king of spain is gustavus adolphus, sweden supports the lutherans/protestant,
The king is very good at war(which is a good partner to have in a war like this). The king is considered the father of modern warfare.
the french then gets involved and supports the lutherans by sending funds\
A family rivalry starts getting worse, the French do not support the catholic which is surprising.
, a growing bourbon, habsburg rivalry
.cardinal Richelieu who is a catholic advises the king of France to support the protestant/lutherans of the 30 years of war.
Phase 4 – french phase(french swords, swedish funds)
Gustavus Adolphus dies.
The Swedish are now funding the French and the Swedish don't really want to fight anymore.
Two main enlightened despots.
What is Catherine and Fredrick the Great?
congress of veinna
The congress of Vienna is ending a french revolution/napoleonic era of european history .
long period of time where people are living uncertain and unstable
a meaning/ conference between the conservative powers of europe 1 (nobles, land owning, privileges),2(monarchs),3(catholic church)convening in vienna.
napoleonic/revolutions ruined traditional hold of power
willing start a war against a idea
they are meeting and are wanting to act and restore there consertivition that the napoleon and revolution era didn't happen(want to restore european life back to the way it was before all of the revolutions happened)
they want a bourbon back on the throne, privilege to be back again and put liberals back in the box
the congress of vienna is about restoring a previous way of life(conversations of minorities)
most of the people have been inspired for change,liberals and people forever changed
one side wants change, while the other side wants to go back in time and act like nothing happened
klemens von metternich(conservative,congress of vienna leader)Britain, Russia PrussiA,Austria(BRAP)
later france is restoring the bourbon monarch,they want restoration
Objective of the congress of vienna
1.restore”legitimate” monarchs
ex: bourbons in france(Louis XLVVVVV)
2. restore balance of power
establish concept that would prevent any single state from dominating europe which is called concert of europe
3.territorial adjustments-restore old boundaries before 1789(napoleon created confederation of the rine after HRE,and changed it to german confederation(german nationalism is on the rise)
northen renaissance
-Religion – religion will countie to be a theme of northern renaissance arts,they have biblical themes.
-Human-centered naturalism focused on everyday life – there are painters in the northern side who are painting their everyday life,rich or poor.
peace of westphalia
Peace of Westphalia (1648):
30 years of warfare and nobody is winning.
the last major warfare that was caused by religion.
balance of power
wars will be politically based from now on
religious tolerance wins(isn't perfect but still better)
The habsburg is the biggest loser, they have become less relevant.
france is gonna become the most dominant during this time(not for long though)
the netherlands gain independence from spain
the end of the reformation, the protestant reformation wins
-Universal Catholicism –
-Weakened Holy Roman Empire –
new ideas of astronmy
heliocentric period-the sun is the center of the universe
no proof or evidence and uses reason and logic on why
catholic church clergy members which means that he cant publish his ideas until he death bed because he doesnt want to upset the church.
Kepler – -Johannes Kepler –
kelper worked for tycho and used his data to create his laws of plantery motion
states the planet orbits in elispes
also states that planets move faster when closer to the sun and move slower when further away
starts to get closer to the truth but still needs more proof
Galileo – -Galileo – starry night
first scientist to use the telescope
uses the telescope to confirm kelpers and copernicus theory
the catholic church starts to get angry with this
the church punishs galieo and wants to stop all of this research
Newton - -Isaac Newton –
made the 3 gravitation laws
uses math and numbers for his evidence and basically quantumfining gravity
he argues that everything moves like a clock(the ways the planet orbit the sun,ect)
napolean
How Napoleon seized control of France:
-Early military successes –
napoleon isn't french
a hero to the leadership of directory
allowed him to rise through the military hierarchy
very intelligent and knows how to adapt to problems
napoleon starts to win battles during the war of the first collison
-Egyptian Expedition –
napoleon national figure is rising
france and napoleon invade the middle east
napoleon invasion on egypt made history because the researchers he bought, they found things, and ideas that they never knew about egypt
-Coup of 18 Brumaire (1799) -
the coup where napoleon will overthrow directory and will seize control of france
shows that the french revolution is over
new government called the consulate , 3 bodies ruling france
napoleon makes himself the first consulate
napoleon will crown himself emperor
Reforms under Napoleon:
-Napoleonic Code – napoleon is standardization law across france, and it's only applied to men
– reinforcing patriarchy
-Concordat of 1801 –
–ended all of the dechristianization policies , christmas is back , the calendar reverts back
– napolens is reverting france back
–won't make catholicism the state religion
–church is remained under state control
-Merit-based bureaucracy
–he needs qualified government officials to make the government more efficient
-Educational system
–more boys in france are getting education
–the education is towards the bureaucracy and military
Curtailment of Rights:
-Secret police –used to desprese freedom of speech or killing anyone who are dissenting/against toward the government
-Censorship –censored press and closed most news paper in france, no freedom of speech , no enlightenment values being discussed, wants people to blindly following him,
-Limitation of women’s rights –womens rights are being limited, they aren't being protected under the Napoleonic codes/law.This gives the husbands the right to divorce, control wife's wages and property, control wifes ability to file suits in court
Battlefield maneuvers –
Napoleon’s “Grand Empire”
-Zone 1 – french territory, french empire
-Zone 2 – french dependant states, (areas napoleon conquered and put his relatives on the throne)
-Zone 3 – napoleons allies(who napoleon was defeated on the battlefield)austria and prussia
Napoleon’s “Continental System”
-Battle of Trafalgar – a famous battle between napoleon's navy and the british navy,britain will defeat napoleon obviously,britain is the supreme power on seas, whiles napoleon is the supreme power on land.This teaches napoleon that he is the dominant military commander on LAND.
-Continental System – The new objective of napoleon is to prevent the british from trading with other european nations which is EMBARGO.Britain is the only one doing industrial revolution so with them not be able to mass produce and trade, this will affect the british.
The Fall of Napoleon:
-Abdication #1 – napoleon gives up the throne and is excluded to a place called elba, the bourbons are back so this means monarchy is back in place
-Battle of Waterloo – battles combined british and the prussian army, the battle defeats napoleon/is exiled to st helena
-Abdication #2 – napoleon escapes elba, the army is still loyal to napoleon