Theological Dispute
The wide availability of these texts, heavily pushed by reformers, allowed ordinary people to interpret Scripture for themselves, thereby dismantling the Church’s monopoly on interpretation.
What are Vernacular Bibles?
In 1521, Martin Luther was declared an outlaw by the Emperor at this formal assembly of the Holy Roman Empire after he refused to retract his writings.
What is the Diet of Worms?
This group of English Reformed Protestants were known as "Calvinist zealots" for seeking to purify the Church of England of all remaining Catholic traditions.
Who are the Puritans?
Mercantilism is an economic policy defined by maximizing exports and accumulating this specific type of metal to increase national wealth and power.
What is gold and silver (or bullion)?
These English laws were passed with the explicit purpose of restricting colonial shipping and trade to ensure that all economic benefits flowed exclusively to the British economy.
What are the Navigation Acts?
The Protestant doctrine of Sola Fide directly rejected the Catholic belief that salvation required these three things in addition to faith.
What are good works, ceremonies, or sacraments?
The Polish Nobles advocated for religious toleration (allowing Calvinism and Catholicism to coexist) primarily because they wished to limit the power of this authority.
What is the monarchy?
Composed of wealthy commoners, this more powerful house of the English Parliament held the crucial financial authority known as the "power of the purse."
What is the House of Commons?
This early form of industrial production, where merchants delivered raw materials to rural families to be worked on in their homes, served as a crucial transition between the medieval guild system and the large-scale factory system.
What is the Cottage Industry (or Putting-Out System)?
This economic structure allowed investors to raise capital for large-scale ventures while ensuring their personal assets were protected from the company's debt.
What is a Limited-liability Corporation (or Joint-Stock Company)?
Martin Luther primarily used his 95 Theses to denounce the sale of indulgences, which specifically reduced the time an individual's soul would have to spend here.
What is Purgatory?
This 1598 edict granted civil rights to Huguenots and allowed them to practice their religion, an act that had the secondary political benefit of consolidating the King’s power.
What is the Edict of Nantes?
The ascension of William of Orange and Mary II to the throne in 1688, which deposed James II and established a Constitutional Monarchy, is known by this name.
What is the Glorious Revolution?
In a Limited-liability Corporation, an investor's personal assets are protected from what specific negative financial outcome of the company?
What is company debt?
This series of Catholic meetings, held from 1545 to 1563, was a direct response to the Protestant Reformation and ultimately reasserted that salvation required good works, ceremonies, or sacraments in addition to faith.
What is the Council of Trent?
This specific group, chosen by God for salvation before birth in Calvinist theology, was expected to live a morally rigorous life as the outward sign of their destiny.
Who are The Elect?
Although Catholic, Cardinal Richelieu did not hesitate to support Protestant powers during the Thirty Years’ War because his ultimate foreign policy goal was to weaken this dynasty.
What is the Habsburg Dynasty?
This legislative body, which was the adversary of Charles I during the English Civil War, lasted for 20 years, from 1640 to 1660.
What is the Long Parliament?
Louis XIV was motivated to build the elaborate Palace of Versailles outside Paris as a symbol of his absolute control following this series of violent civil uprisings between 1648 and 1653.
What is the Fronde?
This all-male religious order, founded by Ignatius Loyola, served as highly effective missionaries in the Americas and Asia, converting millions and making them the most influential religious order of the period.
Who are the Jesuits?
This theological concept asserted that all baptized Christians are spiritual priests who have direct access to God, thereby eliminating the necessity of an ordained priestly class as intermediaries.
What is "the priesthood of all believers"
This Catholic Church initiative, which was a "big success" in the Roman Inquisition, served to censor books and prevent followers from reading publications deemed forbidden.
What is the Index of Prohibited Books?
After Oliver Cromwell purged all "unacceptable" members, this remaining legislative body charged King Charles I with treason and carried out his trial and execution.
What is the Rump Parliament?
By establishing this collegiate body to replace the powerful Patriarch, Peter the Great effectively made the Russian Orthodox Church a department of the state.
What is the Holy Synod?
This all-female religious order played a significant role in the Counter-Reformation by focusing on Christian education and establishing schools for girls of all social classes throughout Europe.
Who are the Ursulines?