Scientific Revolution
First proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus - theory arguing that the sun is at the center of the solar system.
What is the heliocentric theory?
John Locke's natural rights. Life, liberty, and...
What is property?
This estate refers to the clergy in pre-Revolutionary France.
What is the First Estate?
The practice of appropriating "common" land to use for more productive purposes (ex. sheep grazing). Contributed to a decrease in demand for agricultural workers in England.
What is enclosure?
Ideology that promotes emotion over reason. Response to the Industrial Revolution and the Enlightenment. Idealized the natural world.
What is Romanticism?
The philosophical belief that is the foundation of the scientific method. Knowledge is derived from experience/observation. Associated with Francis Bacon.
What is empiricism (inductive reasoning)?
Who is Baron Montesquieu?
France was essentially bankrupt by 1789. A significant contribution to this bankruptcy was their support of this war.
What is the American Revolution.
Process for making steel that allowed for large-scale production.
What is the Bessemer process?
Ideology heavily influenced by the Enlightenment. Believed in popular sovereignty and emphasized the rights of the individual. Associated with writers like John Stuart Mill.
What is Liberalism?
Isaac Newton's answer to the question: "What causes the planets to move in an orderly (and calculable) fashion?"
What is gravity?
Author of the Encyclopedie.
Who is Denis Diderot?
Codified laws for the entire nation of France. Established in 1804. Heavily influenced by Enlightenment principles.
What is the Napoleonic Code?
Inventor of the first workable steam engine. His invention was later improved upon by James Watt.
Thomas Newcomen.
Author who opposed the French Revolution. Associated with 19th-century Conservatism.
Who is Edmund Burke?
Mathematician associated with deductive reasoning (rationalism). "I think, therefore I am."
Arguably the first feminist. Philosopher who argued that women should share the same rights as men. Mother of novelist Mary Shelley.
Who is Mary Wollstonecraft?
France's first military draft. This contributed to its success in the French Revolutionary Wars and the growth of early nationalism.
What is the levee en masse?
Invented by James Hargreaves. Allowed one worker to spin multiple threads at once. Contributed to the development of the factory system.
What is the spinning jenny?
Utopian socialist who founded a community in New Lanark, Scotland with communal property ownership.
Who is Robert Owen?
Medieval theologian who combined Aristotelian philosophy with Christian theology to support his geocentric theory
Who is St. Thomas Aquinas?
Voltaire lived at the court of this Enlightened monarch.
Who is Frederick the Great of Prussia?
Name of the more moderate revolutionary party. Opposed the execution of Louis XVI.
Who are the Girondins?
Nicknamed "Father of the Railways." His "Rocket" reached a top speed of 30 mph.
Who is George Stephenson?
Author of Essays on the Principle of Population. Argued that population growth will eventually outstrip food production.
Who is Thomas Malthus?