Renaissance
The study of the Latin classics to learn what they reveal about human nature. Emphasized human beings, their achievements, interests, and capabilities
Humanism
French Calvinists.
Huguenots
Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the new World.
Conquistadores
Sun is the center of the universe.
Heliocentric Theory
Not called since 1614-finally called by Louis XVI at the advice of his financial minister
Estates General
(1452-1519) Artist who made religious paintings and sculptures like the Last Supper.
Leonardo Da Vinci
95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.
Martin Luther
(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages
Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)
Established by Charles II in 1662; purpose to help the sciences.
The Royal Society of London
Petty laborers and laboring poor-wore pants not knee breeches-became a major political group in revolutionary France.
Sans-culottes
(1466?-1536) Dutch Humanist, religious education. Wrote Praise of Folly.
Erasmus
Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris, 1572
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Indians were required to work a certain number of days for a landowner, but had their own land to work as well.
Encomienda
Catherine the Great, Frederick the Great. were examples of...
Enlightened despot
Member of the National Assembly, and then National Convention, began and led the Committee of Public Safety-began the Reign of Terror.
Robespierre
1469-1527) Wrote The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means."
Niccolo Machiavelli
Style in art and architecture developed in Europe from about 1550 to 1700, emphasizing dramatic, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts. Associated with Catholicism.
Baroque
Navigational instrument, allowing sailors to determine their latitude by measuring the altitude of stars, helping them navigate vast oceans and facilitating trade, colonization, and the spread of Christianity.
astrolabe
Betterment of the community. Founded by Rousseau, he felt that this determines a country's course in economics and politics.
"General Will"
The old order before the Revolution in France (Its French)
Ancien Regime
(1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization.
Petrarch
The selling of church offices
Simony
Who wrote, "The Indians... believed them to have descended from the heavens, at least until they or their fellow citizens had tasted, at the hands of these oppressors, a diet of robbery, murder, violence, and all other manner of trials and tribulations."
Bartolomé de las Casas
(1561-1626)English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning.
Francis Bacon
Followed the storming of the Bastille, people were scared of outlaws and reprisals-fanned flames of rebellion
Great Fear
The striving for excellence. Humanistic aspect of Renaissance.
Virtu
(1484-1531) Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism. He looked to the state to supervise the church. Banned music and relics from services. Killed in a civil war.
Ulrich Zwingli
Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Wrote, "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it"
Voltaire
One of the two halves of the divided National Convention. Non-Radical Liberals
Girondists