Interaction with the World
European country which was the first to connect with West African societies via oceanic exploration in the 1400s
What was Portugal?
Term describing the concentration of government powers in a capital city. This process helped to promote national identity in England, Spain, and France in the 1500s.
What was centralization?
Term for poor farmers in Eastern Europe in that was a strong contrast to free peasants in Western Europe
What were serfs?
Agreement that divided the non-European world between the Portuguese and the Spanish in 1494
What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?
This revolution was fueled largely by a shift from subsistence farming to commercial farming in Western Europe during the 1500s and early 1600s.
What was the Price Revolution?
This fundamental Renaissance idea encouraged greater attention for a worldly life including politics, education, art, and human achievement.
What was secularism?
Type of ship used by Columbus on his voyages across the Atlantic Ocean
What is a caravel?
European explorer who was the first to establish contact with societies in the Caribbean region in the 1400s
Columbus
Early nation state that estabished its own Christian denomination independent of the Catholic Church in 1530
What was England?
Rite of passage that many peasants delayed or avoided altogether due to the economic uncertainty brought by rising prices and colder climates in the 1500s and 1600s
What was marriage?
Area of political expertise for Niccolo Machiavelli while he worked for the Republic of Florence
What was diplomacy?
Investors from this Dutch city provided funding for exploration and colonization in the 1600s
What was Amsterdam?
This Renaissance writer encouraged the study of classical works and was an early advocate of humanism.
Who was Petrarch?
This type of sail helps ships sail more effectively against the wind.
What is a lateen sail?
Name given to the journey forced up African slaves in crossing the Atlantic Ocean starting in the 1500s
What was the Middle Passage?
Term used to describe the special powers of the French monarch to appoint Bishops and Archbishops in France
What were the "Gallican Liberties?"
Class of people who became much more wealthy due to the increased trade and new products that became available in the 1400s and 1500s.
Who were the merchants?
or
Who was the middle class?
The expansion of authority for secular governments during the Renaissance came at the expense of this institution's influence over politics.
What was the Church / Catholic Church / Pope?
This economic change in England brought increased reliance on wool production at the expense of raising crops.
What was the enclosure movement?
Early Renaissance sculptor show portrayals of David featured contrapposto poses which provided a much more natural representation of the human form
Who was Donatello?
This tool helped navigators to estimate latitude and contributed to the development of maps and charts that promoted exploration
What was the astrolabe?
One of five deadly European diseases that wiped out millions of Native Americans in the 1500s
What were smallpox, measles, influenza, typhus, and typhoid ?
Organization that strongly encouraged Spaniards to identify themselves as Catholic
What was the Inquisition?
European colonists who became the most wealthy in the Spanish, French, Portuguese, and English colonies in the 1500s and 1600s
Who were the plantation owners / planters?
Concept by which the state has supreme authority over territory and subjects
What is sovereignty?
This economic policy called for countries to establish a favorable balance of trade through protective tariffs and strict regulation of colonial trade.
What was mercantilism?
The illusion of three-dimensional space in painting developed by the artist and architect Filippo Brunelleschi during the High Renaissance
What is (geometric) perspective?
European inventor of the printing press whose work took place in Strasbourg and Mainz
Who was Johannes Gutenberg?
Name given to the slave trade monopoly granted by the Spanish government
What was the Asiento?
Attitude of superiority shared by Europeans in response to interaction with indigeonous peoples in Africa, Asia, and the Americas in the 1500s
What is ethnocentric?
The status of these artisans rose considerably due to the suppor they received from patrons in cities like Florence, Rome, Venice, and Milan.
Who were artists? (painters / sculptors / architects)
Special court used by the English king, Henry VII, to increase his revenues as well as his control over English nobles
What was the Star Chamber?
Urban organizations that controlled the training, standards, and prices set by craftsmen from the 1400s - 1800s.
What were guilds?
Flemish artist who depicted peasant life, seasonal activities, landscapes, and social customs.
Who was Pieter Brueghel?
This type of large multi-decked sailing ship was equipped to carry a large cargo and engage in heavy warfare. It was typically used by Spanish and Portuguese sailors for trade and naval warfare.
What was a galleon?