Lutheranism
German monk who nailed 95 Theses to the door of Wittenberg Castle church in 1517
Who is Martin Luther?
John Calvin established a strict, moralistic Protestant theocracy in this Swiss city.
What is Geneva?
This council met intermittently between 1545 and 1563 to reform Church discipline and reaffirm traditional Catholic dogma.
What is the Council of Trent?
This Tudor monarch initiated the English Reformation because he wanted an annulment from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon.
Who is Henry VIII?
This Swiss reformer broke with Martin Luther at the Marburg Colloquy over a fierce disagreement regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, arguing it was strictly symbolic.
Who is Ulrich Zwingli?
This term refers to the Catholic practice of selling pardons for sins, which heavily angered Luther.
What are indulgences?
This radical Protestant group rejected infant baptism, believing only consenting adults should be baptized, and advocated for total separation of church and state.
Who are the Anabaptists?
Founded by Ignatius of Loyola, this strict religious order served as the "soldiers of the Pope," focusing on education and missionary work.
Who are the Jesuits?
This daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon briefly restored Catholicism to England. (bonus for nickname)
Who is Mary I (Bloody Mary)?
This royal mother controlled the French throne through her weak sons during the French Wars of Religion and is widely blamed for instigating the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre.
Who is Catherine de Medici?
Inspired by Luther’s religious freedom, this massive 1524–1525 social rebellion of lower classes was brutally crushed by German nobility (with Luther's approval).
What is the German Peasant's War?
This core Calvinist belief states that God has already chosen who will be saved and who will be damned before birth.
What is predestination
The Council of Trent reaffirmed these during the Counter Reformation.
What are the Seven Sacraments?
Passed by Parliament in 1534, this landmark piece of legislation officially declared the English King to be the "Supreme Head" of the Church of England.
What is the Act of Supremacy?
A sudden, localized spike in witch trials and executions where accusations rapidly spiraled out of control.
What is a witch panic?
Luther fiercely attacked the 1524–1525 lower-class uprisings in this famously harsh 1525 pamphlet, arguing that political rebellion was a sin against God.
What is "Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants"?
French Calvinists who faced fierce persecution from the Catholic monarchy during the 16th-century religious wars were known by this specific name.
Who are the Huguenots?
To root out Protestant ideas, the Catholic Church created this official list of banned literary and religious works that Catholics were forbidden to read under pain of excommunication.
What is the Index of Prohibited Books?
Serving as Henry VIII's chief minister, this clever politician engineered the legal mechanics of the break from Rome and oversaw the destruction of the monasteries.
Who was Thomas Cromwell?
This major 1579 treaty unified the seven northern, mostly Calvinist provinces of the Netherlands, laying the legal foundation for their formal independence from Catholic Spain.
What is the Union of Utrecht?
At the 1521 Diet of Worms, Luther was placed under this official imperial decree, making it a crime for anyone in the Holy Roman Empire to offer him food or shelter.
What is the Edict of Worms?
During the French Wars of Religion, this noble French family led the Huguenot political faction, directly competing against the Catholic Guise family for control of the crown.
Who is the House of Bourbon?
A Spanish mystic who reformed her monastic order to foster intense, personal, contemplative connections to God.
Teresa of Avila
Her wig fell of during her execution.
Mary, Queen of Scots
This Tudor monarch initiated the English Reformation because he wanted an annulment from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon.
Who is Henry VIII?