4.2
He was among the first to challenge the classical, Greco-Roman view of astronomy and successfully confirmed, using mathematics, that we live in a heliocentric universe
Copernicus
Absolutist
The Enlightenment thinkers tried to use science to approach the problem of food shortages resulting in improvements that increased agricultural production like this technique, which practiced growing different crops in a specific area so that land could continue being used with out depleting the soil
Crop Rotation
Buying to satisfy desire and to show that you are "respectable" became more common as a result of the growth of this group of people.
Middle Class
This type of monarch embraced Enlightenment ideals, so long as it served their personal goals, something that philosophes were fine with so long as they did not violate the social contract
Enlightened Absolutism
"Hey guys, I think the planets might not move in perfect circles. In fact, I'm pretty sure it's elliptical."
-This guy
Johannes Kepler
Latin name for Locke's "Blank Slate" theory, advancing the idea that a person's mind at birth has nothing and knowledge needs to be gotten through experience with their senses.
Tabula Rasa
The Enlightenment, increasing disposable income, and increasing size of the middle class, paved the way for a general increase in the availability of these institutions where children would go to get rid of their "blank slate"
School
In spite of the many other new ideas brought forward during the Enlightenment, largely, traditional values were upheld for this demographic of people
Women
Friends with Voltaire and Rousseau and often taking their thoughts into account with his royal decision-making, he is one of the three key Enlightened Monarchs and ruled in Prussia.
Frederick the Great (Frederick William II)
This medieval and Renaissance approach to chemistry primarily focused on finding a method for turning common metals into gold.
Alchemy
These Enlightenment thinkers, one British and one French, believed strongly in the concept of a social contract
Hobbes or Locke
and
Rousseau
Thomas Malthus was concerned with the rapid social and demographic change of the time period, believing that limits should be placed on population growth in order to prevent this.
Famine
Neoclassic art often found inspiration in scenes from this nation's ancient history.
Rome (Roman)
This religious movement believed that religion is not meant to be comprised of outward expressions of faith, but rather personal experience with God.
Methodism
After challenging the previous geocentric universe idea and pushing forward a heliocentric universe idea, Galileo was put on trial by the church for this, found guilty, and placed on house arrest
Heresy
This physiocrat was against the excessive government regulation on business/mercantilism, a system that we would later come to know as capitalism.
Adam Smith
People waiting longer to get married, often in order to have enough resources to start their own nuclear household is one of the reasons for this result regarding children.
Decrease in family size
This French name for middle class later becomes used as a term to point out materialistic or traditional values
Bourgeois Society
Part of the push in enlightened monarchies was to give the people more say in political decisions, potentially through voting which is an example of this political principle.
This traditional form of astronomical science became known as the study of the heavenly bodies as they influenced human activity
Astrology
One of the few female Enlightenment thinkers of note, she challenged Rousseau's traditional position on women, pushing the idea that women need equal access to education, citizenship, and financial independence in order to reach their full potential
Mary Wollstonecraft
Britain puts acts in place allowing wealthy landholders to purchase the common areas, make them single farms, and put fences around those farms. This is an example of the practice of this movement.
Enclosure Movement
This Neoclassical artist is famous for his work, The Oath of Horatii, in which he shows the stoic self-sacrifice and devotion to duty indicative of the art form.
Jacques-Louis David
Prussia was involved in the global portion of this war, which eventually found its way to the New World and became known as the French and Indian War
Seven Years' War