Renaissance and reformation
Who created the printing press and why was the invention of this so critical to the renaissance and the reformation?
Gutenburg created the printing press which inspired critical thinkers. This printing press allowed for the questioning of the church as the Bible was able to be mass printed in the vernacular. In coming years, Luther would use the printing press to publish his 95 theses and raise more questions surrounding the church.
What was the context/need for nations to develop more absolute monarchies?
1. Religious territorial conflicts
2. Built huge armies
3. Citizen unrest and desire for order
4. Declining church authority
5. Divine right of kings
Give an example of a scientific revolution made during this revolution?
*Answers can vary*
Copernicus and the heliocentric theory that the sun was in fact the center of the universe. Further proven by Galileo and the invention of the telescope. He states "I hold the sun to be situated motionless in the center of the revolution of the celestial bodies, while the earth rotates on its axis and revolves about the sun." Proving Aristotle and the Church wrong.
Past theories were proven correct during this period in time, some other scientists included but are not limited to:
- Newton
-Kepler
-Bacon and Descartes creation of the scientific model
-William Harvey
Explain the early stages of the industrial revolution. Why is started and why it took place where it did? (List the state it began in and the time period)
he 1780s
Britain and manchester
Begin with agricultural rev.
Machines created to improve farming leading to an increase in population
Made farming more efficient
Improvements in tech/machinery
With the population increase, they had more people they needed to clothes → textile industry
Issues with housing people
Farming is better, and farmers are not needed as much → enclosure movement (privatization of public land)
Pro-business government
Cheap materials to create mass housing centers
resources and rivers
How did social darwinism impact our modern society? How did this connect to Nationalism and then further anti-semitism?
Racist ideology used to justify the million of indigenous people by white colonizers. Used to explain how some people were less developed and less fit to survive. They justified jillion and conquering land as simply being more superior. Natural selection which derived from social darwinism allowed Europeans to justify conquering lands of people with darker skin. They came to believe that those with lighter skin were more evolved and better than darker skin indigenous people. These nations felt power when they conquered lands and felt like the Jewish people were corrupting their nation and could be forced from their homes. They justified the unfair treatment of the Jewish people by claiming their expulsion from the lands was needed and justifiable.
-Pograms that destroyed the lives of many Jewish people
-The Dreyfus affair
Explain the context for the renaissance and isms that would follow into the reformation and the build up during the renaissance. What were some of the isms that took form in the north and who helped influence them?
Crisis of 1300s:
- The great schism and Babylonian captivity
- Bubonic plague
Isms:
- Individualism
- Secularism
- humanism
Christian humanism: Combined the individual with a religious tone. Influenced by Erasmus who combined classic humanism with christian ideals. Peter Brugal depicts christian humanism in his painting known as the dutch proverbs. Showcasing hard life and 100 dutch common folk living lives of simplicity.
What caused the English Civil War?
- James I didn't respect the traditional role of Parliament because he was from Scotland. He believed in Divine rights and greatly rejected parliment
- King Charles I also didn't respect the English policies. Ship tax, taxed for coastal defense.
- The 1628 petition of rights prohibited him from spending a lot of money and he couldn't tax without parliaments consent which he eventually violated.
- Charles didn't call parliament for 11 years
- 1641 parliament passed a law to limit royal power
- Oliver Cromwell leads his supports into civil war which ends with the king being put on trial for treason which ends in his eventual death
Who was the most enlightened absolutist?
Joseph II: abolished serfdom which had such an impact it had to be overturned after his death
Other rulers include:
Maria Theresa
Cathrine the Great of Russia (supported the arts and funding Denni diderots encyclopedia)
Fredrick the Great of Prussia
*All tried to improve citizens lives by giving them limited freedoms and getting a fair and efficient judicial system rid of torture and corrupt officials*
Explain why some countries had a slower start to industrializing and list an example of this slow start and what finally allowed them to industrialize.
Russia:
Lack of labor and capital, nobility lacked economic prospects
Peter the Great worked to industrialize and strengthen his empire
Factories in St. Petersburg and mining in the Ural Mountain
Very slow to industrialize; like one of the last
The boom in iron production in the 19th century = the building of railways... they previously lacked a good system to transport goods and important resources. Also needed money to invest in new factories and this didn't happen till they started increasing their grain exports. The Trans-siberian Railroad was a big advancement for them
*France also started late because they didn't have natural resources
What was imperialism? How did is connect and differ from colonialism? what technological advances helped boost imperialism? Provide an example of an affected non-European society.
- Existence of competitive nation-states and growing nationalism in a period were nations felt they needed to extended their powers and influence.
-Inspired by competition reasons as shown in Britains expansion to keep French, Germans and Russians from setting up bases that could harm their country
-Colonies=International Prestige. A failure to gain colonies resulted in being viewed as weak
-Wanted nationalism and to teach about their home countries glory and territories
-Darwinism and racism that the best nations are fit to survive
-New was the idea of a white mans burden
- cheap labor markers and resources
Europe has the muzzleloading rifle that could be re-loaded and fired from virtually anywhere
- also had the Maxum gun, vaccinations, deadly gasses and the use of air attacks
-Zulu resistance where the British wanted to conquer Zululand to gather labor from diamond fields. Eventually the British defeated the Zulus as they were annexed
-Berlin conference
-India's sexy mutiny
-Japans media restriction
give specific examples of how major nations (France, England, and Spain) began to construct their armies in ways that insured them a steady income and the ability to conquer lands in other territories. Explain what these nations were driven by during the period of European exploration and what technologies allowed them to conquer lands providing an example of a proper conquest (State the country that funding this).
France: estates general that granted the right to levy the taille, an annual direct tax usually on land or property. Secured a sound regular income, obtaining land from dead nobles. Had the ability to appoint church officials in France.
England: Didn't call parliament much, and had the court of the star chamber that allowed the king to inform his own laws. Obtained money from judicial fines and crown lands. "livery and maintenance" was a practice where wealthy aristocrats maintained private armies of followers dedicated to the service of their lord.
Spain:Posed the question to citizens asking who they were loyal to, their king or the pope? Took control of the Catholic Church and inherited a professional army. Ruled through a domestic union of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Argon. Worked toward religious orthodox eventually wiping out Muslims and Jews from the state.
- god, glory, gold as they journey into parts of Africa, Asia, South America and the new world
- magnetic compass, astrolabe, horses, gun powered
-Christopher Columbus eventually stealing land from the indigenous people and gathering slaves from Africa to run his new plantations. Set the steps up for slavery and pushed Spain far ahead.
Define mercantilism and explain how it influenced economic and commercial developments.
-Triangle trade between Africa, Europe, and America which was primarily a transportation system ro enrich slave-trading nations. Included trading products such as: Rum, hemp, tobacco, rice, indigo, cotton, etc. Slave labor kept European prices low. The navigation act protected the British trading and their monopoly as well as sugar tariffs. Mercantilist ideals were used by England to prevent Dutch and Russian competition.
- Practice plantation economies with slave labor to increase their export rates and get more goods from other nations. Eventually mass production of Fabrics and wool would lead to the industrial revolution.
What was the biggest cause of the French Revolution? How did this lead into the liberal phase and the eventual radical phase?
-spark of enlightenment ideals from John Locke that influenced the French people to fight for their freedoms. They believed in popular sovereignty and that they were entitled to freedoms of life, liberty and property.
-Starvation and high taxation on breads and other food
-Meeting of the estates general where 3rd estate comprised of 98% of the population had little to no say or rights
- Formation of the National Assembly that was silenced by King Louis and eventually forced to form in a tennis court room...creating the Tennis Court Oath
-Storming of the Bastille which symbolized the tearing down of everything they believed to be wrong with the French Government
-Declaration of the rights man
-Women march on Versailes
*Basically re constructed their government de-christanizing the past and creating a new constitutional government with the National Assembly at the head. The vulnerable people followed the leadership of Robespierre who believed in killing anyone who was deemed suspicious. What would follow was the radical phase.
Liberalism was on the rise in Great Britain as the government wanted to grant the citizens more rights. Many lived in terrible conditions and demanded change. What was the consequence of industrialization on the labor workers in Britain and what resulted from this?
- Factory act of 1833 restricting work hours
-Great reform bill of 1832 which allowed for male suffrage
- repeal of the Corn Laws
-Mines act of 1842
- 10 hours act of 1847
Following the Archduke Franz Ferdinand's assassination by the Serbians and the official start the WWI, Wars during World War I sparked unrest and many revolutions began to arise in European societies. Provide an example for one of these revolutions. How were these revolutions put to an end as the U.S. joined the war (Why did they join this war)?
Easter Rebellion in Ireland:
Irish want to be free from British Rule
1000s of soldiers still fought with the British in World war 1. However heavy losses in the trenches caused resentments to grow
Believed the British didn’t have any intention of honoring the Irish Home Rule Bill that was passed by parliament only to be suspended during world war l
On April 23, Easter Sunday 1916, a rebellion arose in Dublin the capital of Ireland
The uprising was crushed after a week of street fighting
1,350 people killed or injured. British executed 15 rebel leaders
1922, a treaty divided Ireland into Irish free state and British Northern Ireland
Conflicts would continue through the 20th century
Russian revolution, Armenian genocide, Arab revolt, Japanese aggression in the pacific.
- U.S. joined the war after a lot of propaganda was created. The Zimmerman telegram where the Germans encouraged Mexico to engage in war with the U.S. to reclaim territory caused them to finally join this war but go into battle against Germany
-The U.S. had a lot of resources and when they joined the war this allowed the alliance to beat Germany silencing these revolutions for the next 20 years as peace was somewhat reached.
During the renaissance major religious parties started to form including Lutheranism, Calvinists, Anglicanism and the Anabaptists. These beliefs sparked major conflicts and wars in the years to follow. Give an explanation for why one of these religious groups formed and then a major religious conflict during this time period. What resulted from the conflicts and what parties were at play?
Answers will vary:
Luthers: Created by Martin Luther following his excommunication from the RCC and his nailing of the 95 theses. He didn't like that the church was selling indulgences and basically allowing people to buy their way to heaven.
Calvinists: Believed that our path is already deciding in a term known as predestination. Believed in a religion where god raised their work ethic and the Bible served as law. John Calvin didn't want to separate the Church and state.
Anglicanism: Elizabeth worked on restoring protestantism in England and bring together a society that was torn apart. After the creation of the Church of England and the leadership of "Bloody" Mary, England needed to be untied as one.
Anabaptists: After the peasants war. Believed in baptism as an adult as it needed to be a conscious decision. Living lives close to the Old Testament.
Conflicts created:
- The French Wars of religion: Prosecution of the Huguenots and calvinists taking the streets looting Catholic Churches destroying artworks. Cathrine de' Medici and the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre which killed 10-20,000 Huguenots. Henry of Navere eventually takes the throne converting to catholicism (politique) and creating the edict of Nantes allowing Huguenots to live freely in certain provinces.
- Decline of Habsburgs: Ottoman empire captures constantinople and challenged the Habsburgs control of lands in central and Eastern Europe. Dutch calvinists prosecuted as heretics and Philip the 2nd demanded the rising of taxes to fund his exploration. Lead to the establishment of the Dutch republic that was calvinist after Philip of Orange took control.
-30 years' war: Bohemian Phase, Danish phase, Sweedish phase, French phase (entered on the protestant side to gain an upper hand over that Spanish) ended with the peace of Westphalia
Explain features of the Dutch republic that lead them into their golden age.
- Had more pull factors leading people into their country.
-Women had higher wages and people could usually practice whatever religion they wanted.
-Highest standards of living
- The dutch economy: They were major exporters in Europe. Including exports in diamond, linens, pottery
-Long distance shipping
- Became a destination for people to receive an education
- Through the union of Utrecht they separated into the united provinces and had specific elected governmental positions. Including stat holders, regents, and states generals.
- Strong trade with the Dutch W./E. Indies Co.
What was the effect of Napolean's rule on European social, economic, and political life?
Napoleonic Code
Uphold some elements of the enlightenment and French Rev
Enforce code on rest of Europe and countries he conquers
Believed in Equality, that people should be able to ascend based on their abilities
Extended this throughout the French Empire after conquests
Abolished feudal privileges and established that all men are equal before the law (Napoleonic Code)(Still used today from 1804)
What was a successful and unsuccessful revolution that occurred during this time period.
Successful: July revolution in France:
Frustrated by the autocratic policies of King Charles X
Violence erupted and over 500 soldiers were killed in three days
Charles, Louis Phillie took the thrown and became the citizen king
Extended civil liberties
Doubled the French men who had access to voting rights
Constitutional monarchy
Unsuccessful: Decembrist revolution in Russia:
Influenced by liberal ideas Russian officers saw a chance to establish a representative government known as the Decembrists
Attempted to overthrow the new tsar but failed resulting in a more restrictive government
In order to reach a peace settlement, European nations gathered at the Paris peace conference where many were determined to make Germany pay. They created the treaty of Versailles. How did this lead to problems and conflict in Europe, and the eventual start of WWII.
- creation of fascists and totalitarian regimes
- Mussolini
- Propoganda machines
- Communism and Stalin
- Hitler wants to rebuild nationalism after embarrassment
After the religious wars and the major drifting that occurred all over Europe of individuals getting further and further from the RCC, the church decided that they need to revise their policies. Explain some of the new religious orders that were formed during this counter (catholic) reformation and what the RCC did to bring people back to them. Lastly, how the art was changed during this time period.
- Ursulines: order of nuns that kept a focus on religion. St. Teresa of Avila who reformed herself and the Carmelite order, life in allegiance to Jesus Christ.
-Jesuit order: Ignatious of Loyola, christian education, missionary work in Japan, India, Brazil, America, and the Congo. known as the catholic elites. Obedience to authority, prayers and communal living.
- Council of Trent: established a Roman inquisition that would punish anyone that was proven not catholic. Root out protestantism in Italy. Inventing the "Ghetto" where noncatholics resided.
- Reaffirmed the 7 sacraments; transubstantiation, more church discipline, resist selling of indulgences, Bishops had more responsibility, educated clergy
Baroque: more realistic art that was usually candid and emotional. Caravaggio was a famous Baroque artist (Supper at Emmaus)
Mannerism: Elongated and moves focal point from the center. El greco (The resurrection)
Although some nations chose to rule through parliamentary systems, other states ended up developing strong absolute monarchies. Who was the best absolute monarchy? what did they achieve?
Peter the great: Used divine right and declared Russia an empire. Took control of the nobility establishing a meritocracy using the lower class to his benefit. Abolished the Boyar council and got guards to watch over the senate. Russia was an orthodox state that lowered the church's influence and allowed the Tsar to gain more power. Used a lot of censorship including the beard tax and laws that limited social gatherings. Crushed any opposition (Russia and Sweden)
Louis the 14th: Created the robe nobles which was a new nobility selling royal titles. Revoked the edict of Nantes that made his state only catholicism. Controlled the nobles and spied on them through the Garden in the Versailles palace. Raised taxes and tariffs. Involved in the Dutch wars, the war of the league of Augsburg and the Spanish succession.
Suleiman: Controlled the arts and restored Jerusalem. Controlled the military often leading battles himself. Almost captured Vienna.
How did states respond to Napoleonic rule and was created as a consequence?
- Quadruple alliance that wanted to bring back a balance of power and this was done when he was defeated at the battle of Waterloo.
-congress of Vienna which opposed enlightenment ideals and wanted to bring back conservatism. Needed order and stability. Allowed Europe to act as a whole congress system
Describe Germany's industrialization and how this influenced the years of war to come.
Took German States longer to industrialize - division between the states
Prior to the Industrial Revolution, modern Germany consisted of over 300 separate kingdoms
Zollverein Agreement - German states signed to eliminate taxes on goods imported between states
The foundation of the German Customs Union set off the Industrial Rev in the German States
(Toll Union) in 1833 → abolishing tolls between the various German principalities, made Germany into a common market.
Railways provided a mode of transportation for raw materials and products
Cannons and weapons were manufactured for the state. They also had more money to spend as they didn't waste their funds on the first industrial revolution
Set them up as a powerhouse that was to be feared.
How did communism influence the eventual start of the Cold War? It was clear that both the Soviets and the U.S. were experiencing a multitude of conflicts and conflicting viewpoints. People described some of these indirect conflicts as hot wars, as these two nations were using other nations to lash out at each other. What was an example of a hot war during this time?
Communist manipulation of elections
Soviet union and the US agreed to free elections in Eastern EUrope after world war II
Communist parties in Eastern Europe lacked sufficient support to win elections
Communist parties response:
Suppress opposition parties
Eliminate political opponents
Manipulate election results
Poland
Bulgaria
The leading opponent that challenged the soviet preferred candidate was hung
Romania
Hungary
Removed or threatened when they run against the soviets preferred candidate
Yalta conference, 1945: The united state, soviet union, and great Britain agreed to free elections in Poland
Post-world war II: Polish communists meddle in elections by… suppressing opposition leaders, threatening anti-commmunist activists, banning other political parties
Polish elections, 1947: Falsified results, communists take a strong majority of legislative seats through unethical ways
Yom Kippur war:
UN established the nation of Israel with resolution 181 in 1948
French ended mandate in syria in 1946
Egypt and Syria entered Israeli-occupied territory in the Golan Heights and Sinai peninsula
Soviet union → economic aid to the Arab coalition
U.S. → israel
U.N. Broker a ceasefire