Scientific Revolution
Scientist who formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
Diderot compiled this Enlightenment-era publication to gather and spread knowledge
Encyclopédie
Name of the system that the subdivided the French population into three distinct categories: religious, noble, and the everyone else.
The Estate System
1st Estate -- Clergy
2nd Estate -- Nobility
3rd Estate -- Commoners (bourgeoisie, peasantry)
Industrialization led to rapid growth of this social class.
The Proletariat
The Congress of Vienna (1815) sought to restore this principle in Europe
Conservatism
Championed by Klemens von Metternich, sought to restore order and Balance of Power to Europe after Napoleonic Wars
Galileo Galilei, Italian astronomer, is tried as a heretic by the Catholic Church in 1633 for his advancement of this theory
Heliocentrism
The idea that governments should serve the will of the people stems from this theoretical agreement.
The Social Contract
In 1789, members of the Third Estate pledged to create a constitution at this location.
Royal Tennis Court in Versailles, becoming known as The Tennis Court Oath
Women and children were often employed in factories for this reason.
Lower Wages
Conservatism sought to preserve the power of these two institutions.
Monarchy and the Church
These organizations, such as the Royal Society in England and the French Academy of Sciences, reflected growing state support for scientific inquiry during the 17th century.
Scientific Societies
Term for powerful despots who adopted Enlightenment ideas while maintaining strong central power.
Enlightened Absolutists
Frederick II of Prussia
Catherine the Great of Russia
Joseph II of Austria
Napoleon Bonaparte of France
The most radical phase of the Revolution was led by this political faction.
The Jacobins
led by Robespierre
in the Great Terror
These voluntary associations of workers sought better pay and conditions.
Trade Unions
This ideology sought to end inequality through communal or state ownership of property.
Socialism
A philosophical approach, advanced by Sir Francis Bacon, that emphasizes knowledge derived from sensory experience and evidence gathered through observation and experimentation.
Empiricism
This French philosophe championed freedom of speech and religion and criticized the Catholic Church.
Voltaire
The policy of economically blockading Britain imposed by Napoleon in order to weaken his rival
The Continental System
Government Sponsorship
In 1848, this Ethnic Group demanded independence from the multi-ethnic Habsburg Empire
The Hungarians
- Later would enact a dual-monarchy in 1867 after singificant pressure from the Hungarian Magyars
Galen, 2nd century writer, believed the balance, imbalance, of these four substances in the body was the cause of health or sickness.
Later discarded in favor for Paracelsus' more modern view of chemical imbalance based view of disease.
Enlightenment thinkers favored this economic system, which rejected mercantilist restrictions.
Economic liberalism / laissez-faire capitalism / free-trade
Napoleon and the French Empire's occupation of conquered territories in Europe often led to the rise of what ideology in occupied Europe.
Nationalism
One of the key reasons for his downfall, including:
- The British
- Failed invasion of Russia
Friedrich List criticized laissez-faire economics and argued for this strategy to build national economies
Protective tariffs
A series of British regulations enacted between 1815 and 1846 that aimed to keep grain prices high to protect domestic farmers from cheaper foreign import
The Corn Laws
- Repealed in 1846 marking a significant shift from protectionism to liberalism & laissez faire capitalism