Important People
A Tsar of Russia who westernized Russia, took away beards, expanded Russian territory, made Saint Petersburg the capital, divided Russia into 50 provinces, and demanded noble service
Peter the Great
Ended the 30 Years War and allowed princes to choose what religion their state practiced (Catholicism/Calvinism)
Peace of Westphalia
Which King caused the civil war by ruling without parliament and imposing illegal taxes?
Charles I
political system in which a monarch holds total power, often justified by divine right
What is absolutism?
18th-century transformation in farming practices and productivity that increased food supply, reduced famines, and enabled population growth
What is the agricultural revolution?
dominant city of trade, finance, and commercial institutions
What is Amsterdam?
Known as The Sun King, he established an absolute monarchy in France, distracted aristocrats with big parties, and had huge wigs, showing off his ballet legs
Louis XIV
An economic system which promoted state-controlled industries and colonial power
Mercantilism
Who were the two groups who fought in the English Civil War?
The Royalists vs. Parliament
legislative body in England that competed with the monarchy for political power and authority
What is Parliament?
forced voyage across the Atlantic Ocean that transported enslaved Africans to the Americas
What is the Middle Passage?
A part of the Dutch Golden Age, these people were the main figures in Dutch art
Protestant, middle class, commercial society
parliament feared his Catholic absolutism; replaced by his son-in-law and daughter
James II
Bureaucratic system in France where royal officials administered local governments, bypassing nobles
What is the Intendant System ?
The Puritan dictator of England after the Civil War, banned Christmas :(, and dissolved Parliament
Oliver Cromwell
economic system in which goods and services are produced and distributed through supply and demand in competitive markets rather than by state direction
What is a market economy?
decentralized form of production in which merchants supplied raw materials (like wool or flax) to rural families who made finished goods at home for market
What is the cottage industry?
*putting out system
form of government in which power rests with a small number of people, as established by urban gentry and rural landholders in the Dutch Republic
What is an oligarchy?
A part of the Swedish phase of the 3o years war, also known as the Father of modern warfare
Gustavus Adolfus
1683 military victory by Austria over the Ottoman Turks that halted Ottoman westward expansion into Europe
What is the Battle of Vienna?
What was the significance of the Glorious Revolution?
It established the Constitutional Monarchy
concentration of political power and authority in a central government
What is political centralization?
social and economic order in which buying goods becomes central to identity, status, and daily life
What is consumer culture?
founded in 1602, was an early joint-stock company that controlled trade routes in Asia and challenged Portuguese influence
What is the Dutch East India Company (VOC)?
French Catholic cardinal and the Chief Minister to King Louis XIII; laid the financial and administrative groundwork for King Louis XIV, the ultimate symbol of French absolutism
Who is Cardinal Richelieu?
This policy allowed Philip V to keep the Spanish crown, but France & Spain remained separate, England gained major territories, and it ended the War of the Spanish Succession
Peace of Utrecht
A policy enacted by William and Mary during the Glorious Revolution, where Parliament controls taxation & laws, there are free elections, speech and petition rights protected
English Bill of Rights
political, economic, military, or cultural dominance of one group, state, or actor over others
What is Hegemony?
finance minister and a committed mercantilist for King Louis XIV; believed France's power depended on a favorable balance of trade
Who is Jean Colbert?
the Dutch Republic became a 17th-century commercial powerhouse because of a Protestant revolt against....?
Who is the Habsburg monarchy?