Scientific Revolution
What did Copernicus believe in?
Heliocentric Universe: Earth revolved AROUND the sun
Which artistic movement emphasized ornate decoration, light colors, and themes of leisure and aristocratic pleasure in the early 18th century?
Rococo.
Who argued that all people have natural rights? What were they?
John Locke: life, liberty, and property
Who doubled Prussia's army/military power and establishes a bureaucracy?
Frederick William I "Soldier King"
Did literacy increase? If so, what were the effects?
Yes: Magazines and newspapers increased, children became more educated
Who confirmed the heliocentric model based off the observations of Brahe?
Johannes Kepler
Which factor most directly contributed to the decline of Rococo art and the rise of Neoclassicism in the mid-to-late 18th century?
Enlightenment emphasis on reason and moral virtue
Which two intellectuals argued women were inferior to men (intellectually and physically)?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau andMontesqieu
Which ruler is most accurately described as an enlightened absolutist based on policies implemented during the mid-18th century?
Frederick II (Frederick the Great) of Prussia, for encouraging religious toleration and legal reform.
What was the difference between Neoclassicism and Rocco Art?
Neoclassicism: Emphasizes classical, duty, and honor
Rocco: Displayed playful themes of love and romance
What allowed for the spread of scientific knowledge?
Scientific Societies and the Printing Press
Neoclassical artists often drew inspiration from ancient Greece and Rome primarily because those civilizations were associated with:
Rational order, civic virtue, and republican ideals
Who was the founder of feminism and used logic to point out contradictions about gender equality?
Mary Wollstonecraft
Which Englightened monarch passed the Toleration Patent of 1781, which gave Jews more rights?
Joseph II of Austria
Which of the following best describes a significant social trend in Europe between 1700 and 1750?
Increased emphasis on the nuclear family and companionate marriage among the middle classes.
What is deductive (rationalism) and inductive reasoning (empiricism)? Who defined/created it?
Rene Descartes: Deductive reasoning, start with a general idea --> then use logic to make a conclusion
Francis Bacon: Inductive reasoning, involves collecting data through senses and experiments to make conclusion
Which of the following best explains how Neoclassical art functioned as a political tool during the French Revolution and Napoleonic era?
It used classical imagery to legitimize new political regimes
Which two intellectuals attacked/challenged mercantilist ideas?
Adam Smith and Francois Quesnay
Which of the following best explains why Enlightened Absolutism often failed to produce long-term social equality?
Reforms primarily benefited nobles and bureaucrats rather than peasants
What are pograms?
Pograms are planned massacres or deportations that are aimed at a group of people, typically Jews.
Which of the following best explains why the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries had a greater long-term impact on European society than earlier medieval scientific traditions?
It emphasized experimentation and mathematical laws, which challenged reliance on classical authorities
Which of the following best illustrates the transition from Enlightenment values to Romanticism in European art by the early 19th century?
Emphasis on emotion, nature, and individual experience
Can you name 5 intellectuals (philosophes) who questioned authority and used reason during the Eng
1.Thomas Hobbes
2. John Locke
3. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
4. Mary Wollstonecraft
5. Voltaire
6. Diderot
7. Charles-Louis Montesquieu
8. Cesare Beccaria
9. Adam Smith
10. Francois Quesnay
Which of the following policies most clearly illustrates the contradictions of Enlightened Absolutism?
The abolition of torture while maintaining serfdom
Explain the significance of salons in respect to women.
Salons were hosted by women and allowed them to express their opinion. It also allowed for the spread of ideas and further educated women.