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100
What was The Peace of Augsburg?
1555 1. Ended the religious civil war between Roman Catholics and Lutherans in the German states 2.Gave each German prince the right to determine the religion of his state, either Roman Catholic or Lutheran 3. Failed to provide for the recognition of Calvinists or other religious groups
100
Who was Martin Luther?
(1483-1546) 1. Protestant reformer whose criticism of indulgences helped spark the Reformation 2. Advocated salvation by faith, the authority of the Bible, and a priesthood of all believers 3. Believed that Christian women should strive to become models of wifely obedience and Christian charity
100
Characteristics of the Stone Age Art movement?
Stone Age (30,000 b.c.–2500 b.c.) Types: Cave painting, fertility goddesses, megalithic structures Artists: Lascaux Cave Painting, Woman of Willendorf, Stonehenge
100
What was Great Northern War?
Led a vigorous and often brilliant campaign defeating the Russians at the Battle of Narva. Peter defeated the swedes at Poltava in Ukraine
100
What are Cavaliers?
Kings supporters
200
What was The Council of Trent?
1545-1563 1. Reformed Catholic Church discipline and reaffirmed church doctrine 2. Preserved the papacy as the center of Christianity 3. Confirmed all seven existing sacraments 4. Reaffirmed Latin as the language of worship 5. Forbade clerical marriage
200
Who was Michel de Montaigne?
(1533-1592) 1. French Renaissance writer who developed the essay as a literary genre 2. Known for his skeptical attitude and willingness to look at all sides of an issue
200
Major factors of Romanticism?
Romanticism (1780–1850) The triumph of imagination and individuality Caspar Friedrich, Gericault, Delacroix, Turner, Benjamin West American Revolution (1775–1783); French Revolution (1789–1799); Napoleon crowned emperor of France (1803)
200
100 years war was between what two countries?
(1337-1453) Long series of wars between France and England
200
What was the Long Parliament?
(1640-1648) desperate for money after Scottish invasion of northern England-Charles finally agreed to demands by Parliament: Parliament could not be dissolved w/o its own consent; had to meet a min. of once every 3 years; ship money abolished; leaders of persecution of Puritans to be tried and executed; Star Chamber abolished; common law courts supreme to king's courts; refused funds to raise army to defeat Irish revolt-Puritans came to represent majority in Parliament
300
What was The Edict of Nantes?
1598 1. Issued by Henry IV of France 2. Granted religious toleration to French Protestants 3. Marked the first formal recognition by a European national monarchy that two religions could coexist in the same country 4. Revoked by Louis XIV in 1685
300
Who was Nicolaus Copernicus?
(1473-1543) 1. Polish clergyman and astronomer who wrote "On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres" 2. Helped launch the Scientific Revolution by challenging the widespread belief in the geocentric theory that the earth is the center of the universe 3. Offered a new heliocentric universe in which the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun
300
Barogue was a weapon of what?
Baroque (1600–1750) Splendor and flourish for God; art as a weapon in the religious wars Reubens, Rembrandt, Caravaggio, Palace of Versailles Thirty Years' War between Catholics and Protestants (1618–1648)
300
Great Northern War: who attacked Sweden?
(1700-1721) war in which Peter the Great attacked Sweden and gained control of Latvia and Estonia
300
when was the Old Regime?
Refers to the period of time prior to 1789
400
What was The Peace of Westphalia?
1648 1. Ended the Thirty Years' War 2. Recognized Calvinism as a legally permissible faith 3. Recognized the sovereign independent authority of over 300 German states 4. Continued the political fragmentation of Germany 5. Granted Sweden additional territory, confirming its status as a major power 6. Acknowledged the independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands
400
Who was Francis Bacon?
(1561-1626) 1. English politician and writer 2. Formalized the empirical method into a general theory of inductive reasoning known as empiricism
400
What art movement breaks all rules and is an artifice over nature?
Mannerism (1527–1580) Art that breaks the rules; artifice over nature Tintoretto, El Greco, Pontormo, Bronzino, Cellini Magellan circumnavigates the globe (1520–1522)
400
War of Spanish Succession: major leaders?
(1701-1713) war over the successor of Charles II "the sufferer"; Charles had selected Philip V Bourbon, his grand-nephew and Louis XIV's grandson to succeed him, going against a previous agreement that he would be succeeded by an Austrian; an alliance of European powers with troops led by Eugene, Prince of Savoy, and John Churchill fought against French and Spanish troops; the war ended with the Peace of Utrecht
400
What happened on July 14, 1789?
Date of the Storming of the Bastile
500
What was The Pragmatic Sanction?
1713 1. Guaranteed the succession of Habsburg emperor Charles VI's eldest daughter, Maria Theresa, to the throne 2. Guaranteed the indivisibility of the Habsburg lands 3. Violated when Frederick the Great of Prussia invaded Silesia in 1740
500
Who was Thomas Hobbes?
(1588-1679) 1. English political philosopher who wrote "Leviathan" 2. Viewed human beings as naturally self-centered and prone to violence 3. Feared the dangers of anarchy more than the dangers of tyranny 4. Argued that monarchs have absolute and unlimited political authority
500
When does the postmodernist and deconstructivist movement start?
Postmodernism and Deconstructivism (1970– ) Art without a center and reworking and mixing past styles Gerhard Richter, Cindy Sherman, Anselm Kiefer, Frank Gehry, Zaha Hadid Nuclear freeze movement; Cold War fizzles; Communism collapses in Eastern Europe and U.S.S.R. (1989–1991)
500
Who was the winner Battle of Poltava?
(1709) decisive victory of Peter the Great over Sweden during the Great Northern War
500
What was the name of the Financial scandal in France involving the Mississippi company?
The Mississippi Bubble