Urinary System
Give me the flow of urine through the urinary system
Hint: 10 steps
nephron, collecting ducts, renal papilla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra, external urethral orifice
What promotes filtrate formation at the glomerulus?
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Respiratory acidosis occurs when __________.
a persons breathing is shallow due to obstruction
__________ is possibly caused by severe diarrhea or untreated diabetes mellitus.
metabolic acidosis
__________ is an atypical accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space.
Edema
What increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?
Aldosterone
If sodium levels are too low it signals the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin a hormone that helps raise blood pressure and restore filtration rate is called?
Macula Densa
___________ is an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood, caused by hypoventilation, respiratory failure, or increased CO2 production.
Hypercapnia
What are the most important hormone regulators for electrolyte reabsorption and secretion?
angiotensin 2 and aldosterone
After completing a marathon on a particularly warm day, Dave consumes 4 liters of water. Soon after he begins to feel nauseous and starts to vomit what is happening?
hyponatremia; very low extracellular sodium ion concentration
What cells are controlled by ADH and aldosterone and allow water to be reabsorbed into the blood stream?
Principal cells
What acts on the collecting ducts to decrease sodium reabsorption?
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
When a strong acid such as HCl is added to the carbonic acid buffer system what happens?
More carbonic acid is formed
What is the consequence of excessive water gain relative to solute gain as occurs in hypotonic hydration?
extracellular fluid osmotic pressure falls and water moves into cells by osmosis causing cells to swell
Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted French fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology?
there will be a temporary increase in blood volume
an increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubules to water is due to __________.
increase in the production of ADH
The presence of protein in urine indicates what?
damage to the filtration membrane
A patient is breathing slowly, and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value, what is the diagnosis?
metabolic alkalosis
Nancy is experiencing an acute panic attack. While hyperventilating, she remembers to open a paper bag and breathe into it. What is Nancy trying to prevent?
respiratory alkalosis
Mary finds that she regularly retains water at a certain point in the menstrual cycle. Which of the following is chemically similar to aldosterone, and like aldosterone, enhances NaCl reabsorption in the renal tubules?
estrogen
How do renal mechanisms adjust bicarbonate levels to regulate acid base balance?
the kidneys regulate by conserving, creating new, or excreting bicarbonate based on acid base status
What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone on the cells of the collecting duct?
causes aquaporins to be inserted into the apical membrane
If the thyroid and therefore the parathyroid glands are surgically removed, what would go out of balance due to kidney filtration and failure to reabsorb it, without replacement therapy?
calcium ion levels
In a car accident, Jane suffered a chest injury that resulted in impaired breathing and respiratory acidosis. How will her body compensate for this imbalance?
kidneys retain bicarbonate ions
How does the bicarbonate buffer system and respiratory regulation work together to maintain blood pH within the normal range?
the bicarbonate buffer system provides immediate resistance to pH changes while respiratory regulation offers slower but more powerful long term control by adjusting CO2 elimination