Sensation
This describes the process of detecting external stimuli.
What is sensation?
Bonus(200 pts): Identify the differences between bottom-up and top-down processing.
What is a predisposition to perceive some information while missing/ignoring other data in the set?
What is consciousness?
Bonus: What are three states of consciousness?
Define learning.
Bonus: Identify two ways in which we learn.
Identify the three steps of information processing that occurs from taking notes to reviewing notes, to answering questions on a test.
What is encoding, storage(rehearsal) and retrieval?
Bonus: What are the two types of processing that occur and how are they different?
The smallest amount of a stimulus required to detect the stimulus at least 50% of the time.
What is absolute threshold?
Bonus (100 pts): Describe the process of filtering out distractions to focus in on one specific stimulus--typically auditory.
This type of psychology is based on the idea of "the whole." It studies our tendencies to organize perceptual information into meaningful patterns.
What is Gestalt psychology?
Sleep cycles usually occur within this duration.
What is 90 minutes?
Bonus: Describe the difference between NREM and REM sleep.
This associative form of conditioning occurs when an US becomes paired with a NS to become a CS that generates a CR.
What is classical conditioning?
Bonus: Loss of the response over time is called________. Random reappearance of the response after time is called_______.
It is better to avoid cramming due to this concept that explains how information is better remembered.
What is the spacing effect?
Bonus: This memory phenomenon explains how we are more likely to remember the first and last items in a list (add 300 pts if you can identify the subsets).
Rods receive this type of visual stimulus, as opposed to cones, which sense this type of visual stimulus.
What is rods work in low-light levels and non-color-based information? Cones receive color and work in higher levels of light?
Bonus (400 pts): The blind spot in our eyes is created by what?
The first step in visual perpcetion.
What is figure-ground?
Bonus: Define figure-ground.
This brief rhythmic brain activity occurs during NREM 2.
What are sleep spindles?
Bonus: What happens to REM sleep after repeated completed cycles?
Define operant conditioning.
What is learning that occurs via behaviors being influenced by a desire to earn rewards or to avoid punishments?
Bonus: Explain the difference between respondent and operant behavior.
Identify and explain the three types of memory.
What are:
sensory memory--immediate very brief recording of sensory information
short-term/working memory--memory that holds up to 7 items for a short amount of time
long-term memory--permanent and limitless storage of memory over time.
Bonus:
What is the cochlea?
Bonus (800 pts): This structure supports the hair cells--also, describe the function of hair cells.
We utilize this skill of when processing visual information to perceive distances.
What is depth perception?
Bonus: What experiment determined how early this develops?
What are:
sleep apnea--disrupted breathing
insomnia--difficulty falling or staying asleep
narcolepsy--random onset of sleep
night terrors/sleep walking or talking
A reinforcer _________ behavior. A punishment ________ behavior.
What is encourages behavior and discourages behavior?
Bonus: In a particularly difficult tasks, steps will be broken down and rewarded in a scaffolding manner. This is known as ________.
Identify the two forms of memory retrieval that might be used to answer questions on a test and the question formats they would be used for.
What is retrieval--short answer questions and recognition-multiple choice questions?
Bonus: Identify a reason for forgetting and an example of that reason.
Cilia trigger hair cells that then send nerve impulses to this next structure in the neural pathway (it is a stop before reaching the temporal lobe).
What is the thalamus?
Bonus: What is the only sense that is not processed through the thalamus? What does process this sense?
Identify two binocular/monocular cues and their definitions. Bonus for each additional one(100 pts). There are 8.
What are: Interposition, Light and shadow, linear perspective, relative motion, relative size, convergence(binoc), texture gradient, retinal disparity(binoc)?
What are:
depressants--alcohol
barbiturates--amobarbital
opiates--heroin, morphine
stimulants--caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamines
Hallucinogens-- Marijuana, LSD, Psilocybin
Bonus: What indicates drug dependence?
What is fixed ratio?
Bonus: A paycheck would be an example of this type of reinforcer (not a schedule).
Jean Piaget is associated with the concept of ______ which describes how we categorize information, concepts and ideas.
What are schemas?
Bonus: What are the two ways that we adapt these schemata to reflect a better understanding of the world around us? Define them as well.