Water & Biochemistry
This type of bond forms between the partial positive charge of a hydrogen atom and the partial negative charge of an oxygen atom in a different water molecule.
What is a hydrogen bond?
Unlike eukaryotic cells, these simpler cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, though they still contain DNA, ribosomes, and a plasma membrane.
What are Prokaryotic cells (or Prokaryotes)?
Enzymes catalyze biological reactions by lowering this specific energy requirement.
What is Activation Energy?
These molecules, such as hormones or neurotransmitters, bind to specific receptors to initiate a signal transduction pathway.
What are Ligands?
This term describes a solution with a higher solute concentration compared to the inside of a cell, causing water to move out of the cell via osmosis.
What is a Hypertonic solution?
This chemical reaction is used to break down polymers into seperate monomers.
This could be two different words.
What is hydrolysis or catabolic?
This cellular component, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, is responsible for protein synthesis.
What are Ribosomes?
This anaerobic pathway allows Glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen by regenerating NAD+ and producing either lactate or ethyl alcohol as a byproduct.
What is Fermentation?
This cellular process, often triggered by signaling pathways, is characterized by programmed cell death.
What is Apoptosis?
This is the water potential of pure water in an open container at standard atmospheric pressure.
What is Zero?
This level of protein structure is characterized by the unique sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
What is primary structure?
This specific pathway describes the coordinated movement of a protein intended for export, beginning at a ribosome on the Rough ER, traveling to the Golgi apparatus, and finally merging with the plasma membrane.
What is the Protein Secretion Pathway? (Also accept: The Endomembrane System)
This phase of photosynthesis takes place in the stroma and uses ATP and NADPH to fix carbon into organic molecules.
What is the Calvin Cycle?
This protein acts as an external signal that binds to tyrosine kinase receptors, allowing the cell to bypass the G1 checkpoint.
What is PDGF? Platelet Driven Growth Factor
This specific formula is used to calculate solute potential: Ψs = -iCRT . Identify what the variable C respresnts and the unit used.
What is molar concentration? What is moles or M?
While DNA uses deoxyribose and thymine, this nucleic acid uses a ribose sugar. This nucleic acid also using what base instead.
What is Ribonucleic Acid and Uracil?
As a cell increases in size, this ratio decreases, making it less efficient at exchanging materials with the environment.
What is the Surface Area to Volume Ratio?
During the light-dependent reactions, this specific process occurs at Photosystem II to replace excited electrons, resulting in the release of oxygen gas as a byproduct.
What is Photolysis? (Also accept: The splitting of water).
To move past the G2 checkpoint into the mitotic phase, a specific Cdk (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase) must combine with a cyclin to form this active complex.
What is MPF (Maturation-Promoting Factor)?
If a cell with a water potential of -4.0 bars is placed in a solution with a water potential of -2.0 bars, water will move in this direction.
What is Into the cell? (Water moves from high potential to low potential).
These specific chemical interactions within the tertiary structure of a protein are responsible for its final 3D folding and include disulfide bridges and hydrophobic interactions.
What are the R-groups interactions?
This organelle consists of a series of flattened sacs that modify, sort, and package proteins received from the endoplasmic reticulum. This organelle has two ends that are called this?
What is the Golgi Apparatus? What is cis and trans?
This a biological control system where the output or product of a process inhibits or reverses the initial stimulus
What is a negative feeback pathway?
This type of receptor forms a dimer when activated by a ligand and can trigger multiple signal transduction pathways simultaneously.
What is a Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK)?
According to the Endosymbiont Theory, these double-membrane organelles—which contain their own circular DNA and 70S ribosomes—evolved from ancient photosynthetic prokaryotes like cyanobacteria that were engulfed by a host cell.
What are Chloroplasts?