Muscle Madness
Which molecule is required to detach myosin from actin after a power stroke?
ATP
What ion rushes into the neuron to depolarize the membrane during an action potential?
Sodium
Which division of the PNS controls voluntary movements?
Somatic nervous system
What are the two main types of bone tissue?
Compact and spongy bone
What is the name of the connective tissue covering muscles?
Epimysium
What structure stores calcium ions in skeletal muscle fibers?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
What is the phase called when potassium ions exit the cell, returning the membrane potential to resting levels?
Repolarization
What type of neuron carries information from sensory receptors to the CNS?
Afferent (sensory) neuron
What type of bone cell is responsible for breaking down bone matrix?
Osteoclast
Which energy molecule is most directly used for muscle contraction?
ATP
What are the three phases of a muscle twitch?
Latent, contraction, and relaxation
What is the refractory period where no new action potential can be generated?
What is the absolute refractory period?
Name the type of glial cell that forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system.
Schwann cell
What is the term for the growth plate found in long bones?
Epiphyseal plate
Name the protein responsible for storing oxygen in muscle cells.
Myoglobin
Which protein blocks the binding sites on actin in a resting muscle?
Tropomyosin
What pump restores the resting membrane potential after an action potential?
Sodium-potassium pump
Which cranial nerve is responsible for controlling heart rate and digestion?
Vagus nerve (cranial nerve X)
Which type of bone forms the cranium and ribs?
Flat bones
What type of cartilage is found in the menisci of the knee?
Fibrocartilage
What is the term for the minimal stimulus required to produce a muscle contraction?
Threshold stimulus
What is the term for when a stimulus increases the membrane potential, moving it further from the threshold?
What is the name of the connective tissue layer that surrounds an individual nerve fiber?
Endoneurium
What is the condition characterized by decreased bone density and increased fragility?
Osteoporosis
What type of joint is the hip classified as?
Ball-and-socket joint