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Constitution and Liberties
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Elections and Presidency
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100
"Judicial review" concept, affirms Courts influence on politics and public policy
What is Marbury V. Madison (1803)
100
Censorship case - Speech that address matters of public interest may not be censored
What is New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)
100
State law that allows for separate but equal public education facilities based on race violate Equal Protection Clause. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
What is Brown v Board of Education (1954)
100
Upholds provision regulating "soft money" In Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform act of 2002. Forbides people 17 or under from contributing to a federal campaign struck down as violation of 1st Anendment
What is McConnell v. FEC (2003)
100
Free Exercise Clause - Struck down Religious Restoration Act of 1993 saying Congress may enact legislation enforcing constitution rights established by Courts, but does not have power to expand or enlarge religious freedom rights.
What is Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940) or City of Boerne v. Flores (1997)
200
Determined the interpretation of the "necessary and proper" clause and established federal government's power over state government
What is McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
200
Student expression is protected as long as it does not cause "material disruption or substantial interference" or the burning of the flag in public is protected under the 1st amendment
What is Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) or Texas v. Johnson (1989)
200
Ruled the practice of allowing local election jurisdictions for counting ballots and determine voter intent is inconsistent with the Constitutions Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses.
What is Bush v. Gore (2000)
200
Court strikes down Texas statute criminalising private consensual gay behaviour as unconstitutional invasion of privacy
What is Lawrence v. Texas (2003
300
Developed "Exclusionary Rule", which states "Illegally obtained evidence cannot be used against a defendant in trial.
What is Weeks v. United States (1914) or Wolf v Colorado (1946) or Mapp v Ohio (1961)
300
Court defines "libel and slander" as it pertains to officials and figures. Individuals must show false statements were made and publicised with malice or knowledge of falsity or " reckless disregard of their truth or falsity"
What is New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)
300
Paved way for courts to adjudicate legislative apportionment, upheld "one man, one vote" standard for state legislative apportionment and also applied this standard to U.S. Congressional districts.
What is Baker v. Carr (1962) or Reynolds v. Simms (1964) or Wesberry v. Sanders (1965)
300
Congress passes law in 1996 granting president to line item veto certain types of appropriations bills and tax provisions. The decision voided the law, claiming it violates "seperation of powers" concept
What is Clinton v. New York City (1998)
300
Requirement that an executive decision must lie before Congress for a specific period of time is unconstitutional
What is Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chada (1983)
400
Establishment Clause and school prayer - Public School policy the permits, endorses, or encourages prayer violates 1st amendment. Prayer is allowed if it is Student initiated, student-led, and voluntary
What is Everson v Bd. of Ed. (1947) or Engel v Vitale (1962) or Lemon v Kurtzman (1971)
400
Right to privacy and right to die. Court determined competent people have a right to die and incompetent people must have a surrogate with "clear and convincing" evidence that it is the incompetent patients wish. Established "Living Will" status in several states
What is Cruzan v. Director Missouri Dept. of Health (1990)
400
Upheld Civil Rights Act of 1964. Mandates hotel owner to serve black customers under interstate commerce clause
What is Heart of Atlanta Motel v. U.S. (1964)
400
Rules the president is not temporarily immune from civil law suits, based on actions before entering office, filed during a presidents term in office
What is Clinton v. Jones (1997)
400
First time the Bill of Rights is nationalised "Incorporation Doctrine"
What is Gitlow v. New York (1925)
500
Courts established a "penumbra" of rights, which are civil liberties closely attached to the Bill of Rights. One of these liberties being the right of consenting adults to use birth control is a privacy right
What is Griswold V Connecticut (1965)
500
Courts ruled Death Penalty violates 8th Amendment based on indiscriminate and inconsistent manner it was imposed.
What is Furman v Georgia (1972)
500
Congress and states mist demonstrate a "conpelling governmental interest" to sustain affirmative action programs it engages in. In this case, Court struck down the Dept. of Transportation awarding a highway construction construction contract to a minority bidder.
What is Adarand Contractors v. Pena (1995)
500
Campaign spending is a form of political expression by the 1st amendment. Constitution forbids congress from limiting individual campaign expenditures. Congress can, however, regulate contributions to candidates and parties
What is Buckley v. Valeo (1976)
500
Rulings dealing with rights of the accused, government interrogations, and the right to counsel
What is Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) or Malloy v. Hogan (1964) or Miranda v. Arizona (1966)