Federalists Docs
James Madison wrote this in fear that the individual states would not be effective at controlling “factions,” instead wanting a larger one for more opinions. It is this reason that the power was broken up between the national and state governments.
What is Federalist 10?
While in jail, Martin Luther King Jr. wrote that everyone had an obligation to follow just laws but an equal obligation to break unjust laws and states that unjust laws aren't actually laws. It was a response to white religious leaders who disagreed with his actions. This was apart of adding amendments such as the 14th for the support of equality.
What is the Letter from Birmingham Jail
In 1954, this supreme court case struck down segregation in public schools, saying "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." It was said that it violated the protections of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
What is Brown v Board of Education
In 1961, the Court held that there were no such questions to be answered in this case and that legislative apportionment was a justifiable issue. It established the principle of "one person, one vote," ruling that legislative districts with dramatically different populations violated the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment.
What is Baker v Carr
In 1993, North Carolina attempted to reorganize their own districts based on race. The court saw that the districts were unusual but for a lack of evidence left the ruling to the local courts to decide with further evidence.
What is Shaw v Reno
Alexander Hamilton argued for unity in the executive branch. It allows for balance between a quick and decisive executive and a slow-moving Congress. It has allowed for the president to have primary responsibility over the entire executive branch
What is Federalist 70?
With James Madison being the "Father" of this doc, it was written to replace the articles of confederation. Acting as an outline of federal government structure, powers, and limits. Also including the bill of rights and amendments, securing the rights of the people.
What is the Constitution of the United States
In 1803, the supreme court declared that part of a law passed by Congress was unconstitutional. This established the principle of judicial review empowering the Supreme Court to nullify an act of the legislative or executive branch that violates the Constitution it helped establish the court as an equal player in system of checks and balances.
What is Marbury v Madison
In 1970, there was a challenge against a Texas law making abortion illegal except by a doctor’s orders to save a woman’s life. In 1973, the supreme court ruled that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment protects against state action the right to privacy, and a woman’s right to choose to have an abortion falls within that right to privacy.
What is Roe v Wade
In 1919, Congress decided that Schneck distributing pamphlets against servitude in the military did not violate the first amendment and was protected under it. It was because they were not producing any danger by saying these things and during wartime rules were stretched so to speak.
What is Schenck v United States
James Madison proposed a government broken into three branches, with each branch being self-sufficient, but each should have some kind of power over the other. The check and balance system. This has been a crucial part in making sure a king or dictator does not emerge.
What is Federalist 51?
John Dickinson wrote this as the first attempt at a new american government. It was later decided that the articles restricted the national government too much. Was later replaced by the constitution, making a better outline of power.
What are the Articles of Confederation
In 1963, after asking for a appointed lawyer and not reviving one, the supreme court ruled that the 6th amendment's guarantee of a right to assistance of counsel applies to criminal defendants in state court by way of the Fourteenth Amendment. In all felony cases, an attorney must be given to defendants who can't afford to pay for their defense.
What is Gideon v Wainwright
In 1962, there was voluntary prayer for recitation at the start of each school day. A group of organizations joined forces in challenging the prayer. The supreme court held the state cannot hold prayers in public schools, even if participation is not required and the prayer is not tied to a particular religion. It was said to be a violation of 1st amendment establishment clause.
What is Engel v Vitale
In 1971 it was decided by the state that an individual had more rights to not attend a religious school if they were being forced to. A school could not justify educating the children by forcing them to believe in a certain religion.
What is Wisconsin v Yoder
Alexander Hamilton explained the need for an independent judiciary system and the need for strengthening. This asked for lifetime appointments, guaranteeing “good behavior” to ensure that judges can resist encroachments from the legislature. Allowing for the courts to stand against the two other branches.
What is Federalist 78?
With a committee of five and the main author being Thomas Jefferson, this document stated the problems the colonies had with the British monarch and said all people are created equal. A balance between governmental power and individual rights is how the colonies gained independence.
What is the Declaration of Independence
In 1818, the state of Maryland passed legislation to impose taxes on the bank. In 1819, the supreme court held that Congress had the power to incorporate the bank and that Maryland could not tax instruments of the national government employed in the execution of constitutional powers. This was under the "necessary and proper clause" and "supremacy clause."
What is Mcculloch v Maryland
In 1995, a 12th grade high school student, carried a concealed weapon into his San Antonio, Texas high school. He was charged under Texas law with firearm possession on school premises. This case struck down federal law regulating possession of firearms around schools. It was held that the possession of a gun in a local school zone is not an economic activity that might have a substantial effect on interstate commerce.
What is United States v Lopez
In 2010 it was decided through the fourteenth amendments due process clause that an individual had the right to bear arms. The opposing party argued that there was nothing in the constitution that protected an individual to bear arms but the court decided otherwise.
What is McDonald v Chicago
Double Jeopardy
Both of these authors wrote the four Federalist Documents.
Who is James Madison and Alexander Hamilton?
Anti-federalists' argue that the constitution gives too much power to the government. They believe that power requires the people to sacrifice their liberties. This led to the bill of rights to protect the liberties.
What is brutus 1?
In 1965, through their parents, students sued the school district for violating the students' right of expression for not allowing the wearing of armbands in a public school as a form of protest. It was held that the armbands represented pure speech that is entirely separate from the actions or conduct of those participating in it. The Court also held that the students did not lose their First Amendment rights to freedom of speech when they stepped onto school property.
What is Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District?
A case with the New York Times and the United States. Revolving around the ideas of the freedom of press in 1971. It was ruled the the New York Times won as the press was protected under the first amendment.
What is New York Times Company vs. U.S.
A movie was made debating whether or not Hillary Clinton would be a good president. In 2010, it was debated whether or not this was protected under the first amendment. The court decided that this was protected under the first amendment and they could not take that away from them.
What is Citizens United v Federal Election Commission