unit 1-2
what is citizens voting on a proposed state law/ citizens partaking in the decisions by the gov
what is participatory democracy
what is the establishment clause
This 1971 amendment lowered the mandatory voting age across the United States from 21 down to 18
what s the 26th amendment
In Federalist No. 10, James Madison argued that this type of government—rather than a pure democracy—is the best structural cure for the dangers of factions
what is a large republic
This landmark 1819 case established federal supremacy by ruling that states cannot tax a federal bank and that Congress has implied powers via the Elastic Clause
what is mcculloch v. maryland
In United States v. Lopez (1995), the Supreme Court ruled that Congress overstepped its power when using what constitutional principle to regulate gun possession in school zones?
what is commerce clause
This amendment protects citizens against unreasonable searches and seizures by requiring a warrant backed by probable cause
what is 4th amendment
This voting model describes a citizen who looks closely at a candidate's past track record in office to decide how to vote.
what is retrospective voting
If men were angels, no government would be necessary." This famous quote from Federalist No. 51 explains the need for checks and balances and this other power-splitting concept
what is separation of powers
In this 1995 case, the Court placed limits on Congress's power under the Commerce Clause, ruling that carrying a gun in a school zone is not a commercial activity.
what is US v. lopez
the principle of American gov divides power between the national and state gov?
what is federalism
In Tinker v. Des Moines, the Supreme Court ruled that wearing black armbands to protest a war is this specific form of protected expression
what is symbolic speech
This core constitutional amendment banned the use of poll taxes in all federal elections
What is the 24th Amendment
Alexander Hamilton famously argued in Federalist No. 70 that the executive branch requires this specific attribute, characterized by a single, decisive president rather than a committee
What is energy (or a single/unitary executive)
This foundational 1803 decision established the principle of judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the final power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional
What is Marbury v. Madison
checks and balances as established by the U.S. Constitution
what is gov establishes a system of checks and balances to prevent any single branch of government from accumulating too much power
What is the process by which an individual acquires their political attitudes, values, and beliefs—most strongly influenced by the family?
what is political socialization
This voting model occurs when a citizen casts a ballot strictly based on what they think a candidate will do for the country in the future
what is prospective voting
In Federalist No. 78, Hamilton argued that the judiciary is the least dangerous branch because it possesses neither the power of the sword nor this other power
what is the power of the purse
The Court's ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland relied heavily on a combination of the Necessary and Proper Clause and this specific Article VI constitutional clause
What is the Supremacy Clause
the major weakness of the articles of confederation
what is Congress could not tax citizens directly
This Sixth Amendment right was incorporated to the states following the landmark decision in Gideon v. Wainwright.
what is right to counsel/attorney
Demographically, this single characteristic remains the strongest statistical predictor of whether or not an individual will turn out to vote
what is education level
Federalist No. 78 served as the ideological foundation for this essential judicial power, allowing courts to declare laws unconstitutional
what is judicial review
In Marbury v. Madison, Chief Justice John Marshall declared a section of this 1789 congressional act unconstitutional because it expanded the Court's original jurisdiction beyond Article III limits
What is the Judiciary Act of 1789