Ch. 4
This case ruled that racial-based gerrymandering was unconstitutional
What is Shaw v. Reno?
Spending that's required by pre-existing law, part of budget that can't be changed
What is mandatory spending?
Essay that argues for a single executive
What is Federalist #70?
Established Supreme Court's power of judicial review
What is Marbury v. Madison?
Hiring based of qualifications instead of political connections
What is the Merit System?
Time frame right after an election, when the outgoing president is still in office at the end of their term
What is the lame duck period?
The case that ruled 'one person, one vote'
What is Baker v. Carr?
Agencies that help the president perform executive duties
What is the Executive Office of the President?
Argued that judiciary was the 'least dangerous' branch and should be made independent from the other branches
What is Federalist 78?
Bureaucrats interpret and implement laws based on their own judgement
What is bureaucratic discretion?
Unlimited debate/senators talking for as long as they want to delay/block a vote on a bill
What is a filibuster?
Used to formally end/limit a debate in the Senate
What is cloture?
Annual message given by president to set yearly agenda, re-popularized by Woodrow Wilson
What is the State of the Union Address?
Mid-level court, reviews decisions made by district/trial courts
What is the Court of Appeals?
Making sure that government regulations are being followed
What is compliance monitoring?
Government funds being used to benefit specific districts or groups
What is pork barrel spending?
Proceedings in the Senate being sped up when no senators object
What is a unanimous consent agreement?
When a bill isn't signed by the president and Congress ends its session within ten days
What is a pocket veto?
Courts have to follow past decisions when ruling on similar cases.
What is stare decisis?
Informal group of interest groups or government officials that meet to discuss specific policy issues.
What is an issue network?
Pause in policymaking because of political division, usually happens when different parties control the presidency and Congress
What is gridlock?
Suggests that politicians should listen to their constituents
What is the politico role?
When presidents use media to influence public opinion and pressure other branches
What is the bully pulpit?
Higher courts have the ability to overturn the ruling of a lower court
What is appellate jurisdiction?
The court ruled that the government couldn't block the publication of the Pentagon Papers
What is New York Times v. United States?