Amendments
What is the 17th Amendment?
establishes the direct election of United States senators in each state
who the first President of The United States
George Washington
what is the Article of the Confederation
established the functions of the national government of the United States after it declared independence from Great Britain
what were the federalist papers?
essays published in New York newspapers over course of 2 years
McCulloch v. Maryland
Established national supremacy; established implied powers; use of elastic clause; state unable to tax federal institution; Justice John Marshall; the power to tax involves the power to destroy.
What is the 14th Amendment?
granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States—including former slaves—and guaranteed all citizens “equal protection of the laws.”
Who was our nation's first Secretary of State?
Thomas Jefferson
when was the Article of the Confederation written?
November 15, 1777
who wrote them?
James Madison, John Jay and Alexander Hamilton
Plessy v. Ferguson
Established seperate but equal. Gave Supreme Court approval to Jim Crow laws.
what is the 18th Amendment?
established the prohibition of alcohol in the United States
The author of Common Sense
Thomas Paine
who wrote the Articles of Confederation
Benjamin Franklin
how many essays were published?
85
Gitlow v. New York
Established the precedent of federalizing Bill of Rights (applying them to the states); states cannot deny freedom of speech protected through due process clause of Amendment 14.
what is the 8th Amendment?
prohibits the federal government from imposing excessive bail, excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishments
Proposed the Great Compromise that satisfied both the large and the small states.
Roger Sherman
Why were the Articles of Confederation written?
The Articles allowed the Congress to do things like raise an army, be able to create laws, and print money
what were the essays promoting?
the ratification of Constitution
Roe v. Wade
Established national abortion guidelines; trimester guidelines; no state interferece in 1st; state may regulate to protect health of mother in 2nd; state may regulate to protect health of unborn child in 3rd. Inferred from right of privacy established in Griswald v. Connecticut.
what is the 27th Amendment?
prohibits any law that increases or decreases the salary of members of Congress from taking effect until the start of the next set of terms of office for representatives
He first proposed the writing of the Declaration of Independence.
Richard Henry Lee
What replaced the Articles of Confederation in 1788?
replaced with the current United States Constitution
what were critics worried about?
a national government would have too much power
Brown v. Board of Education
School segregation unconstitutional; segregation psychologically damaging to blacks; overturned seperate but equal; use of 14th amendment; judicial activism of Warren Court; unanimous decision; ordered schools to desegregate with all due and deliberate speed.