Documents
In Federalist 51, Madison proposed that the executive may require this, "an absolute negative on the legislature."
What is a veto?
Congress has the power "to raise and support armies" and "to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes" according to this article and section of the Constitution.
What is Article I, Section 8?
According to Article I, Section 4 of the Constitution, this part of government is largely responsible for organizing voting.
What are the states?
The majority of Justices in Parents v Seattle ruled that schools could not be intentionally integrated by race due to this clause ratified as part of an Amendment in 1868.
What is the equal protection clause?
These two parts of the freedom of religion were in dispute in Wisconsin v. Yoder and Engel v. Vitale.
What is exercise, and establishment?
With a nod to the Articles of Confederation, and Brutus, this part of the Constitution protects the rights of the states.
What is the 10th Amendment?
Citing the equal protection clause, Justice Sandra Day O’Connor in 1993 said this process “reinforces racial stereotypes and threatens to undermine our system of representative democracy by signaling to elected officials that they represent a particular racial group rather than their constituency as a whole.”
What is racial gerrymandering?
(decided in Shaw v. Reno)
These individuals were allowed to vote after the 26th Amendment was ratified by 3/4 of the states.
Who are 18-year-olds? (or 18, 19, and 20-year-olds)
SCOTUS decided in McDonald v. Chicago 2010 that residents in all U.S. cities can use handguns for self defense, due to the right to bear arms and this process.
What is selective incorporation, or incoporating the civil liberties in the Bill of Rights to the states?
Quiet! This rule ensures that police officers verbally communicate the civil liberties to not self-incriminate (Fifth Amendment) and to have counsel (Sixth Amendment).
What is the Miranda Rule?
The form of government that Madison proposed in Federalist 10.
What is a republic? (or representative democracy)
The specific three ingredients of a Constitutional Amendment.
What is 2/3 House, 2/3 Senate, 3/4 states?
"I can find nothing in the equal protection clause or elsewhere in the Federal Constitution which expressly or impliedly supports the view that state legislatures must be so structured as to reflect with approximate equality the voice of every voter," said Justice John Harlan in his dissent in this case.
What is Baker v. Carr?
Decided 58 years apart, these two cases regarding the equal protection clause are often thought to illustrate the most dramatic example of the Supreme Court ignoring stare decisis. (Not Jackson and Roe.)
What are Plessy and Brown? Or Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and Brown v. Board (1954)?
The purpose of the 4th Amendment.
What is prevent searches without a warrant?
"search and seizure"
Fill in the blank from Federalist 10: "Extend the sphere, and you take in a greater variety of parties and interest; you make it less probable that a BLANK of a whole will have a common motive to invade the rights of other citizens."
What is majority?
These are often considered two of the major weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation highlighted by Shays' Rebellion, which helped lead to the formation of the Constitution.
What is inability to raise federal funds and lack of a national military?
John Lewis, who once said, “The vote is precious. It is almost sacred. It is the most powerful non-violent tool we have in a democratic society and we’ve got to use it,' would have approved of these six constitutional amendments, which increased popular sovereignty in the United States, as well as protected the right for more groups to vote in America. (know idea not numbers)
What is
15th - Black men can vote (but not really)
17th - popular election of Senators
19th - women can vote
23rd - D.C. residents can vote
24th - no poll tax
26th - 18 to 20 year olds can vote
"It is emphatically the duty of the Judicial Department to say what the law is," said Chief Justice John Marshall when establishing this concept in this court case. (need both)
What is judicial review in Marbury v. Madison (1803)?
"This, whether it be founded in the Fourteenth Amendment's concept of personal liberty and restrictions upon state action, as we feel it is, or in the Ninth Amendment's reservation of rights to the people, is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy," said Justice Harry Blackman in 1973.
What is right of privacy?
In Federalist 78, Hamilton wrote, "The complete BLANK of the courts of justice is peculiarly essential in a limited BLANK."
What is "independence," and "government, or Constitution"?
"The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors," appears in this article and section in the Constitution.
What is Article II, Section 4?
A voter using this model of voting behavior would say that former First Lady, Senator, and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton was a perfect candidate for U.S. President because of her vast political experience.
A voting using this model of voting behavior would say that President Trump is the best candidate even though he has no governing experience.
What is retrospective and prospective voting?
Two-hundred-twenty-six people in these roles have jobs thanks to President Donald Trump.
What are federal judges? (Supreme, Circuit, and District)
Eighty-four years after the freedom of speech was incorporated to the states in Gitlow v. New York (1925), Ruth Bader Ginsburg authored an opinion that incorporated protection of this civil liberty to the states.
What is freedom from excessive fines? (8th Amendment)