Amendments
This amendment prohibits excessive bail, fines, and cruel or unusual punishment.
8th Amendment
This landmark case ended racial segregation in public schools.
Brown v. Board of Education
This case established the principle of judicial review, allowing courts to strike down unconstitutional laws.
Marbury v. Madison
The first 10 amendments to the Constitution are collectively known as this.
Bill of Rights
This system divides power between the national and state governments
Federalism
This 14th Amendment clause requires states to treat people equally under the law.
Equal Protection Clause
This case guaranteed the right to an attorney for criminal defendants.
Gideon v. Wainwright
This case upheld the supremacy of federal law and Congress's implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause.
McCulloch v. Maryland:
A legal or moral entitlement to have or do something is called this.
Right
This system ensures that no branch of government becomes too powerful by giving each tools to limit the others
Checks and Balances
This First Amendment clause prohibits the government from setting up a religion.
Establishment Clause
This case incorporated the Second Amendment right to bear arms to the states
McDonald v. Chicago
This case ruled that racial gerrymandering must meet strict scrutiny under the Equal Protection Clause.
Shaw v. Reno
This process applies Bill of Rights protections to the states via the 14th Amendment.
Selective Incorporation
This directive issued by the president has the force of law without congressional approval.
Executive Order
This amendment protects against self-incrimination, double jeopardy, and guarantees due process
5th
Students wearing black armbands to protest the Vietnam War were protected in this case.
Tinker v. Des Moines
This case led to the requirement that police inform suspects of their rights upon arrest.
Miranda v. Arizona
Amendments used to protect reproductive rights in Griswold v Connecticut and Roe v Wade
1, 3, 4, 9, 14
This principle holds that government power comes from the consent of the governed.
Popular Sovereignty:
This amendment guarantees the right to a speedy trial, an impartial jury, and legal counsel.
6th
This case ruled that school-sponsored prayer violates the Establishment Clause.
Engel v. Vitale
This case established the principle of "one person, one vote," allowing federal courts to review redistricting issues.
Baker v. Carr
Legislation that prohibited discrimination in public places
This term describes government funding for local projects to benefit specific districts or constituencies. This spending is often wasteful.
Pork barrel spending