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Government Positions
Taxes
The Courts
Acts
Theories
100
Party leaders who work with the majority leader or minority leader to count votes beforehand and lean on waverers whose votes are crucial to a bill favored by the party.
What is a Whip?
100
tax by which the burden falls relatively upon low-income groups than upon wealthy taxpayers; opposite of progressive tax.
What is Regressive Tax?
100
Guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health
What is the Social Security Act?
100
A theory of government and politics contending that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization.
What is Elite Class Theory?
200
The elected leader of the party with the most seat in the House of Representatives/Senate
What is the Majority Leader?
200
revenue losses that result from special exemptions, exclusions, or deductions on federal tax law
What is Tax Expenditures?
200
ow similar cases have been decided in the past.
What is a Precedent?
200
Provides for the conservation of species that are endangered or threatened throughout all or a significant portion of their range, and the conservation of the ecosystems on which they depend.
What is the Endangered Species Act of 1973?
200
popular theory in political science to explain the actions of voters as well as politicians. It assumes that individuals act in their own best interest, carefully weighing the costs and benefits of possible alternatives.
What is the Rational Choice Theory?
300
The principal leader of the minority party in the House of Representatives or in the Senate.
What is the Minority Leader?
300
"negative income tax" that provides income to very poor individuals in lieu of charging them federal income taxes.
What is Earned Income Tax?
300
Lawsuits permitting a small number of people to sue on behalf of all other people similarly situated.
What is Class Action Suits?
300
law passed in 1990 that requires employers and public facilities to make "reasonable accommodations" for people with disabilities and prohibits discrimination against these individuals in employment.
What is the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990?
300
A theory of government and politics contending that groups are so strong that government is weakened.
What is Hyperpluralist Theory?
400
An office mandated by the Constitution. The Speaker is chosen in practice by the majority party, has both formal and informal powers, and is second in line to succeed to the presidency should that office become vacant.
What is Speaker of the House?
400
a personal tax levied on annual income
What is Income Tax?
400
Legal briefs submitted by a "friend of the court" for the purpose of raising additional points of view and presenting information not contained in the briefs of the formal parties. These briefs attempt to influence a court's decision.
What is Amicus Curiae Brief?
400
Established new standards for ambient air quality, set new limits on emissions from stationary and mobile sources to be enforced by both state and federal governments, and increased fines for air pollution research; soon discovered that the deadlines set were overly ambitious (especially those for auto emissions). Deadlines were extended and revised over the next 10 years.
What is Clean Air Act of 1970?
400
the view that politics and decision making are located mostly in the framework of government, but that many non-governmental groups use their resources to exert influence. The central question for classical pluralism is how power and influence are distributed in a political process.
What is Pluralist Theory?
500
The most important influencers of the congressional agenda. They play dominant roles in scheduling hearings, hiring staff, appointing subcommittees, and managing committee bills when they are brought before the full house.
What is Committee Chair?
500
small taxes levied on the right to vote that often fell due at a time of year when poor African American share croppers had the least cash on hand. This method was used by most Southern states to exclude African Americans from voting. Poll taxes were declared void by the twenty-fourth amendment in 1964.
What is Poll Taxes?
500
The jurisdiction of courts that hear cases brought to them on appeal from lower courts. These courts do not review the factual record, only the legal issues involved.
What is Appellate Jurisdiction?
500
Law intended to clean up the nation's rivers and lakes; requires municipal, industrial, and other polluters to use pollution control technology and secure permits from the Environmental Protection Agency for discharging waste products into waters.
What is the Water Pollution Control Act of 1972?
500
The idea that the winning candidate has a mandate from the people to carry out his or her platforms and politics. Politicians like the theory better than political scientists do
What is the Mandate Theory of Election?