The Columbian Exchange
What were two major crops introduced to Europe from the Americas?
potatoes, sweet potatoes, maize, cassava, tomatoes, chili peppers, cacao, peanuts, and pineapples foods, tomatoes, chili peppers, cacao, peanuts, and pineapples
What was the Middle Passage?
the forced transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas. It was a leg of the triangular trade route
What was the main cause of the Seven Years War?
a dispute between Great Britain and France over colonial territory in North America
What was the Louisiana Purchase?
the 1803 acquisition of 828,000 square miles of land from France by the United States for $15 million
What is Manifest Destiny?
a 19th-century belief that the United States was destined to expand across North America, spreading democracy and capitalism
What was one major impact of European contact on Native American cultures?
High mortality rate, Social disruption, Impact on land usage:
Name one of the first European countries to establish colonies in the Americas.
Spain, English, Portugal, French
What was the Stamp Act of 1765?
a tax on paper goods and documents in the American colonies that was passed by the British Parliament to raise money to pay for the British army stationed in North America
Which law allowed for the removal of Native Americans from their ancestral lands?
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Name one consequence of the Mexican-American War.
the United States acquiring a vast new territory, including California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, and parts of Arizona and Colorado, from Mexico
What motivated the Age of Exploration in the 15th century?
the desire to find new trade routes to Asia
Name one crop that was heavily reliant on slave labor.
cotton, hemp, rice, tobacco, and sugar cane.
What document officially declared independence from Britain?
The Declaration of Independence
What was the significance of the Monroe Doctrine?
foreign policy statement that established the United States as a protector of the Western Hemisphere and a major player in world affairs
What was the significance of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in this context?
repealed the Missouri Compromise, effectively allowing slavery to potentially expand into territories previously considered off-limits, reigniting the national debate over slavery and pushing the country closer to civil war by creating a violent conflict in the Kansas Territory known as "Bleeding Kansas"
What was the significance of the introduction of the horse to Native American cultures?
transformed their way of life, allowing for greater mobility, more efficient hunting, and a shift towards nomadic lifestyles
Which colony was founded as a refuge for Quakers?
Pennsylvania
How did Enlightenment ideas influence revolutionary thought?
promoting concepts like natural rights, the social contract, the right to revolt against tyranny, and the importance of reason and logic,
What role did the Underground Railroad play in the fight against slavery?
helped enslaved African Americans escape to freedom in the North and Canada
Who were the Radical Republicans?
Member of the Republican Party in the 1860s committed to the emancipation of slaves and the equal treatment and enfranchisment of blacks.
How did the Columbian Exchange alter diets worldwide?
high caloric value and ability to grow in diverse climates, leading to population increases and changes in culinary traditions across the globe
What was the Great Awakening and its impact on colonial culture?
challenged established religious authority and led to a major shift in colonial culture by promoting personal religious experience, challenging social hierarchies
Explain the significance of the slogan "No taxation without representation.
signifies the belief that a population should not be taxed by a government unless they have a representative voice in that government
Define suffrage and its importance in the expanding democracy.
Suffrage refers to the right to vote in political elections. this led to various movements advocating for the extension of voting rights to different groups, including women, racial minorities, and the working class.
What was the significance of the Freedmen's Bureau?
provided crucial assistance to formerly enslaved people during the Reconstruction era following the American Civil War