Chapter 15
Define the gravity model.
The gravity model shows the degree to which two places interact based on size and distance.
A disamenity zone is a high-poverty urban area in a disadvantaged location (steep slopes, flood-prone, rail lines, landfills, industry, etc.)
Define New Urbanism.
New Urbanism is an idea that promotes designing growth to limit urban sprawl and preserve nature and usable farmland.
Categorize the following economic activites into the proper sector.
1. Doordash
2. Coal mining
3. Google
4. Scientific research at a university
1. Teritary
2. Primary
3. Quaternary
4. Quinary
List the three characteristics that make up a country's Human Development Index (HDI).
1. GDP
2. Literacy rate
3. Life Expectancy
Define a world city.
A world city wields political, cultural, and economic importance on a global scale. They are heavily interconnected and increase globalization, but are not necessarily the most populated cities.
Define the Galactic City Model.
The Galactic City Model shows how the use of automobiles within cities has caused decentralization and has formed suburbs.
Provide three examples of ways that cities have tried to make themselves sustainable.
Possible answers include improved public transportation, increased education about the environment, sustainable agricultural practices, and clean energy solutions.
Summarize the Industrial Revolution.
List at least three factors that influence a country's total fertility rate (TFR).
Possible answers include level of education for women, healthcare, religions, traditions, the role of women in the workforce, and government-sponsored family planning.
Explain the difference between rank-size rule and the primate city idea.
The rank-size rule states that the second largest city in a country will be half of the size of the largest and so on. The primate city idea states that one city in a country far exceeds the other cities by population size and importance.
Explain how the Southeast Asian Model differs from all of the other models of urban development.
The Southeast Asian Model depicts a city that is centered around a port and lacks a clear CBD.
List three challenges to sustainability that cities face.
Possible answers include suburban sprawl, a large ecological footprint, high energy consumption, poor air and water quality, climate changes, and struggling sanitation systems.
Explain the difference between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP).
The difference between GDP and GNP is that GDP is the total value of goods and services produced within a country's borders, while GNP is the total value of goods and services produced by a country's citizens both domestically and internationally.
List at least three critisms of Rostow's Stages of Growth.
Possible answers include:
- It doesn't account for interdependency
- It is based on Western ways of development
- It assumes that all countries desire development
- It doesn't account for different site and situation factors within countries
What theory explains why New York City will have more specialized stores than other towns?
Central Place Theory explains why New York City will have more specialized stores because it shows that central places will have the most available stores and services. This is because New York City has a large population, and specialized stores have high thresholds, meaning that they need large populations to support them.
Explain how poor infrastructure can affect the lives of individuals and contribute to poor economic vitality.
Poor infrastructure can cause unsafe or inadequate transportation, which can prevent citizens from working and earning money, impacting their quality of life and poverty levels.
List two pros and cons of urban design.
Possible answers for pros include less negative environmental impact, enhanced quality of life, increased social interaction, fewer building vacancies, and less crime. Possible answers for cons include segregation by income level and loss of historical character.
Define the Least Cost Theory and list its limitations.
The Least Cost Theory determines where a factory should be located to efficiently convert raw materials into goods. This theory assumes that land cost is equal everywhere, there aren't any traffic conditions, there is one market, and there aren't any geographic challenges.
According to the Dependency Theory, why don't some countries develop?
Countries serve the economic interests of those that are more wealthy than them, which hinders the growth of undeveloped nations.
List site and situation factors that will promote growth in a city over time.
Site: accessible fresh water sources, flat terrain, favorable climate, fertile soil, and available natural resources will promote growth in a city.
Situation: good transportation connectivity, proximity to markets, economic opportunities, and tourist attractions will promote growth in a city.
Explain the impact of colonization on two different urban development models.
Spanish colonization led to the development of the Latin American City Model because its structure resembles that of other Spanish cities. These shared features include a grid pattern, a high-end commercial spine extending from the CBD, and wealthy residential areas surrounding this spine. European colonization contributed to the development of the African City Model because its created a colonial CBD with a grid pattern that allowed for order and control.
List and define two historical segregation practices.
Blockbusting is when real estate agents would convince white families to move out of their homes by telling them that black families were moving into the neighborhood. Desparate to leave the neighborhood, the white families would sell their homes to the real estate companies at low prices, allowing these companies to profit. Redlining is when banks would refuse home loans to certain homeowners based on an area's ethnic makeup.
Explain the relationship between economic sector activity and Wallerstein's World System Theory.
Core countries will have mostly tertiary, quaternary, and quinary sector activity, while periphery countries will have mostly primary and secondary sector activity. This is because periphery countries aren't as industrialized as core countries, meaning that they harvest raw materials for their own survival or to trade to semi-periphery and core countries.
Define comparitive advantage and describe how it contributed to complementarity.
Comparitive advantage is the ability of an economy to a produce good or service in a more efficient or economically competitive way. Comparitive advantage contributed to complementarity because countries with different comparitive advantages will have matching supplies and demands, allowing their economies to benefit each other.