Respiratory
This is the volume that you breathe in and out at rest.
What is tidal volume?
This is a measurement of how much blood is filtered by the glomerulus.
What is GFR (glomerular filtration rate)?
This term describes the physical breakdown of food—such as chewing, churning, and segmentation—that increases surface area but does not change the chemical composition of nutrients.
What is the mechanical digestion?
This is where the citric acid cycle takes place.
What is the mitochondrial matrix?
This structure is shared by the digestive and respiratory system.
What is the pharynx?
In addition to gas exchange, the respiratory system helps regulate pH by controlling the levels of this gas, which forms carbonic acid when dissolved in blood.
What is the CO2?
Glucose is reabsorbed in this segment of the nephron.
What is the proximal convoluted tubule?
These are the two digestive enzymes produced in the mouth.
What are lingual lipase and salivary amylase?
this type of metabolic process uses energy to build complex molecules such as proteins, glycogen, and lipids from simpler components.
What is anabolism?
This structure is shared by the male reproductive and urinary systems.
What is the urethra?
The contraction of this muscle is responsible for most of the lung volume increase that causes inhalation.
What is the diaphragm?
This type of tissue lines the bladder and allows for a lot of expansion.
What is transitional epithelium?
These exocrine cells of the pancreas synthesize and secrete digestive enzymes like amylase, lipase, and proteases into the pancreatic ducts. Their secretions ultimately empty into this segment of the small intestine to aid digestion
What is duodenum?
Fermentation in human cells creates this byproduct.
What is lactic acid? (or lactate)
This exchange process uses an antiporter to move chloride ions in while moving bicarbonate ions out, helping RBCs transport CO₂ in plasma.
What is the chloride shift?
An increase in this metabolic byproduct of RBCs causes the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to shift to the right.
What is BPG?
Released by juxtaglomerular cells, this enzyme starts the RAAS pathway to raise blood pressure and promote sodium and water retention.
What is renin?
If this sphincter does not stay properly closed, a person could experience heartburn or acid reflux.
What is the lower esophageal sphincter?
During the post-absorptive state, this process occurs to release glucose into the bloodstream.
What is glycogenolysis?
Both glucose and glycerol (from triglycerides) are converted to this molecule to feed into later stages of cellular respiration.
What is pyruvate?
Cilia sweep debris trapped in mucus toward the pharynx, where it can be swallowed and destroyed by this highly acidic digestive fluid
What is HCl/gastric acid/stomach acid?
This segment of the nephron loop is permeable to water but not ions.
What is the descending thin limb?
These are the cells in the liver that engulf and breakdown old RBCs.
What are stellate macrophages?
Through processes such as glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, this organ is the primary site for producing glucose during fasting and also serves as the main storage location for glycogen when blood glucose is high.
What is the liver?
This is the most abundant organic waste excreted in the urine. It is produced from a byproduct of amino acid metabolism.
What is urea?