19.1
Which one of the following is not one of the solutes that blood transports through the body?
a. nutrients
b. wastes
c. oxygen and carbon dioxide
d. neurotransmitters
d. neurotransmitters
By definition neurotransmitters are chemicals for communication across a neural synapse. Chemicals for communication released into the bloodstream are called hormones.
Hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide is called:
a. carboxyhemoglobin
b. carbaminohemoglobin
c. oxyhemoglobin
d. deoxyhemoglobin
b. carbaminohemoglobin
Approximately 23% of the carbon dioxide transported in blood is bound to hemoglobin.
Granulocytes with light colored granules and a multilobed nucleus are called:
a. basophils
b. neutrophils
c. eosinophils
d. monocytes
b. neutrophils
Platelets:
a. are larger than erythrocytes
b. have a centrally locates nucleus
c. contain granules and mitochondria
d. do not contain cytoskeletal components
d. do not contain cytoskeletal components
Platelets contain multiple types of granules that house clotting factors and enzymes, small numbers of mitochondria.
Platelet activation and aggregation requires:
a. thrombin
b. Von Willebrand factor (vWF)
c. plasmin
d. prostacyclin
b. vWF
vWF is released by the injured endothelium and binds to platelets. It makes them stick together, stick to the vessel wall and release their granules.
Which of the following is not considered a plasma protein?
a. albumin
b. antibody
c. hemoglobin
d. lipoprotein
c. hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is found inside erythrocytes and therefore is not considered a plasma protein.
Anemia can be caused by:
a. decreased hemoglobin
b. low levels of oxygen
c. increased hematocrit
d. increased erythropoiesis
a. decreased hemoglobin
Anemia can be caused by deficiency of iron or other important nutrients and vitamins required for the production of hemoglobin. Certain drugs and poisons can also interfere with the ability to produce hemoglobin.
All leukocytes derive from the:
a. hematopoietic stem cells
b. myeloid cell line
c. lymphoid cell line
d. erythrocyte colony-forming unit
a. hematopoietic stem cells
Like erythrocytes, all leukocytes arise from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
Platelets are formed from large cell called:
a. megakaryocytes
b. macrophages
c. proerythroblasts
d. thrombocytes
a. megakaryocytes
The ultimate goal of the intrinsic/contact activation, extrinsic/tissue factor and common pathways of coagulation is to:
a. produce a platelet plug
b. activate Factor X
c. produce fibrin
d. dissolve
c. produce fibrin
In the final step of the coagulation cascade, thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin. The fibrin threads form a mesh that reinforces the platelet plug.
Excessive blood loss from injury will result in:
a. inability to maintain normal blood pressure
b. disrupted gas exchange
c. inability to maintain acid-base homeostasis
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
All of the above are important functions of blood that would be disrupted by excessive blood loss.
Athletes have been known to abuse erythropoietin. What potential benefit might an athlete derive from erythropoietin?
a. greater endurance
b. increased muscle size
c. increased blood viscosity
d. increased resistance to infections
a. greater endurance
Erythropoietin causes an increase in the number of erythrocytes, therefore improves the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood, increases endurance and reduces muscle fatigue
The leukocytes that predominate in response to parasitic infections are the:
a. neutrophils
b. T lymphocytes
c. basophils
d. eosinophils
d. eosinophils
Eosinophil granules contain enzymes and toxins that kill parasites.
T/F A toxin that interferes with protein synthesis will not affect circulating platelets but will affect thrombopoiesis.
True: Circulating platelets lack a nucleus and organelles, so cannot synthesize proteins, but proteins synthesis is important for the production of platelets.