Practice MCQ (writing)
(8) Researchers in Japan decided to test the bluestreak cleaner wrasse because of its strong eyesight and its habit of eating parasites off other, larger fish. (9) The researchers presumed the fish were intelligent, yet even they were surprised by the study’s results. (10) The territorial wrasses at first reacted aggressively when presented with a mirror in their tank, but over time they developed erratic behavior: dancing and bobbing in front of the mirror, sometimes upside down. (11) When researchers placed a colorful gel on the fish’s throat, a spot they could see only in the mirror, the wrasses spent a lot of time examining the mark and even tried to scrape it off.
(12) Redouan Bshary offered his opinions on the study: “I never saw a cleaner swimming on its back, and I never saw a cleaner scratching its throat. (13) These are new behaviors that are apparently tightly linked to the mirror.”
The writer wants to replace the underlined word in sentence 10 (reproduced below) with a term that is consistent with the information provided in the sentence and maintains the style and tone of the passage.
The territorial wrasses at first reacted aggressively when presented with a mirror in their tank, but over time they developed erratic behavior: dancing and bobbing in front of the mirror, sometimes upside down.
Which of the following choices best accomplishes this goal?
ResponsesA
wacky
B
unusual
C
far-out
D
offbeat
Answer B
Option B, as the word "unusual" accurately characterizes the behavior of the fish once they became accustomed to their own reflection, as their later actions of dancing and moving vertically were not commonly seen. This term aligns with the formal tone of the passage and offers a straightforward, neutral depiction of a scientific event.
My mom was born and raised in Waynesboro, Georgia, a small town just south of Augusta. It was on Sundays that she reminded her young family where she came from. She would roast chicken and serve it with rice and gravy and greens. We ate glazed ham with sweet potatoes and cabbage. She didn’t bake, but there was always cornbread or biscuits on the table. And the real treat, fried chicken! She made the best fried chicken. She used a cast-iron pan and grease she had saved, to be used only for chicken. It was a meal that took hours, and we only had it sometimes. She would always make pan gravy, mashed potatoes, and sweet peas to go alongside the crispy meat. Really good fried chicken is still one of my favorite foods.
Mom’s Sunday cooking—now that was food to me. Living up North, soul food and southern food were commonly considered to be one and the same. People think of soul food as BBQ ribs, macaroni and cheese, buttermilk biscuits, and sweet tea. Our Sunday dinners taught me about my family and what we ate, and helped me distinguish real southern from soul food. But I had no idea that there was so much more.
In 2000, I decided to change my career path from social work to becoming a chef. My decision was prompted by a few work dinners where coworkers complimented me on my sweet potatoes and roasted chicken. With a half-cocked aspiration, I left my job in Brooklyn and decided to attend culinary school.
The school I attended was French based, like all culinary schools at the time and the majority, still, today. I had chosen it because it was geared toward career changers and had an excellent work-study program. I also liked that the school took the view that French food was the mother of all professional cuisines, so my education’s foundation of principles, I thought, would be priceless.
During the first phase of classes our chef instructor asked us to write an essay about someone who inspired us to cook. My mother, of course; so easy, I thought. I would interview her when I got home that evening. But our teacher insisted that it be someone professional, like Escoffier or James Beard. My dilemma was that the only chefs I’d heard of were the ones on TV: Julia Child, the Frugal Gourmet, and the Cajun chef Justin Wilson.
I wanted to write about someone who looked like me, and like my mother and grandmothers. I began my search for a chef that I could admire. I started trolling around on the Internet without finding much on the subject of notable black women cooks. I searched at the public library, and after some digging, I found an article about a woman called Edna Lewis.
Edna Lewis’s search for taste, as well as her story, stuck with me. A black woman from the South, Miss Lewis moved to New York to start a whole new life, first as a laundress, later as a seamstress and restaurant chef. She was never formally trained, but she had grown up cooking in rural Virginia, was hardworking, and loved wholesome food made with fresh ingredients. This sounded like many of the women in my family before me. As the opening chef at Café Nicholson in New York in the 1950s, she showcased simple food and was heaped with praise for it. Through Miss Lewis I realized that there was a history of black women, like me, in professional kitchens, and that I wasn’t alone.
Which of the following best characterizes the author’s tone in the passage?
ResponsesA
Formal
B
Witty
C
Insincere
D
Conversational
Answer: D
The author narrates her story in a straightforward manner, describing events directly rather than allusively and putting events in a clear order. With the use of her everyday cadence and a simple writing style, this lends the passage a conversational tone that conveys a degree of familiarity with the reader.
How, and why do authors use the mode of definition in their writing?
Authors use the mode of definition in their writing by defining a term in order to establish a common ground or identity an area of conflict in the sentence.
Example: "Photosynthesis is the process in which plants use sunlight to convert CO2 into glucose, H2O, and O2."
How, and why do authors use personification in their writing?
Authors use personification in their writing to give human characteristics to objects, typically to make their writing more engaging for the reader.
Example: "The alarm clock screams to awake us."
“I have been reading with wet eyes and a swelling heart (as many who love and some who hate your Majesty have lately done) a book called the ‘Contemplations’ of a man who has sinned deeply against you in certain of his political writings, and who expiates rash phrases and unjustifiable statements in exile in Jersey.”
Pathos. The author is attempting to make napoleon feel as if he is loved by a few of his citizens.
(8) Researchers in Japan decided to test the bluestreak cleaner wrasse because of its strong eyesight and its habit of eating parasites off other, larger fish. (9) The researchers presumed the fish were intelligent, yet even they were surprised by the study’s results. (10) The territorial wrasses at first reacted aggressively when presented with a mirror in their tank, but over time they developed erratic behavior: dancing and bobbing in front of the mirror, sometimes upside down. (11) When researchers placed a colorful gel on the fish’s throat, a spot they could see only in the mirror, the wrasses spent a lot of time examining the mark and even tried to scrape it off.
(12) Redouan Bshary offered his opinions on the study: “I never saw a cleaner swimming on its back, and I never saw a cleaner scratching its throat. (13) These are new behaviors that are apparently tightly linked to the mirror.” (14) While the study has not yet been peer-reviewed, it is already sparking debate, with some scientists citing it as proof that fish are more clever than commonly thought—and may even belong in the exclusive club of self-aware animals, previously dominated by primates.
The writer would like to introduce the quotation in sentences 12 and 13 (reproduced below) in a way that relates it to the argument presented in the passage.
Redouan Bshary offered his opinions on the study: “I never saw a cleaner swimming on its back, and I never saw a cleaner scratching its throat. These are new behaviors that are apparently tightly linked to the mirror.”
Which of the following versions of the underlined text would best accomplish this goal?
ResponsesA
(As it is now)
B
Biologist Redouan Bshary read about the study and said,
C
Someone who has studied cleaner wrasses is Redouan Bshary, who commented on the unexplainable behavior of the fish:
D
Redouan Bshary, a biologist familiar with cleaner wrasse behavior, found the study remarkable, stating,
Answer D.
Option D presents the quotation by highlighting Bshary's significance to the argument in the passage: as a biologist with expertise in cleaner wrasse behavior, he has the authority to comment on the fish's passing the the mirror test.
My mom was born and raised in Waynesboro, Georgia, a small town just south of Augusta. It was on Sundays that she reminded her young family where she came from. She would roast chicken and serve it with rice and gravy and greens. We ate glazed ham with sweet potatoes and cabbage. She didn’t bake, but there was always cornbread or biscuits on the table. And the real treat, fried chicken! She made the best fried chicken. She used a cast-iron pan and grease she had saved, to be used only for chicken. It was a meal that took hours, and we only had it sometimes. She would always make pan gravy, mashed potatoes, and sweet peas to go alongside the crispy meat. Really good fried chicken is still one of my favorite foods.
Mom’s Sunday cooking—now that was food to me. Living up North, soul food and southern food were commonly considered to be one and the same. People think of soul food as BBQ ribs, macaroni and cheese, buttermilk biscuits, and sweet tea. Our Sunday dinners taught me about my family and what we ate, and helped me distinguish real southern from soul food. But I had no idea that there was so much more.
In 2000, I decided to change my career path from social work to becoming a chef. My decision was prompted by a few work dinners where coworkers complimented me on my sweet potatoes and roasted chicken. With a half-cocked aspiration, I left my job in Brooklyn and decided to attend culinary school.
The school I attended was French based, like all culinary schools at the time and the majority, still, today. I had chosen it because it was geared toward career changers and had an excellent work-study program. I also liked that the school took the view that French food was the mother of all professional cuisines, so my education’s foundation of principles, I thought, would be priceless.
During the first phase of classes our chef instructor asked us to write an essay about someone who inspired us to cook. My mother, of course; so easy, I thought. I would interview her when I got home that evening. But our teacher insisted that it be someone professional, like Escoffier or James Beard. My dilemma was that the only chefs I’d heard of were the ones on TV: Julia Child, the Frugal Gourmet, and the Cajun chef Justin Wilson.
I wanted to write about someone who looked like me, and like my mother and grandmothers. I began my search for a chef that I could admire. I started trolling around on the Internet without finding much on the subject of notable black women cooks. I searched at the public library, and after some digging, I found an article about a woman called Edna Lewis.
Edna Lewis’s search for taste, as well as her story, stuck with me. A black woman from the South, Miss Lewis moved to New York to start a whole new life, first as a laundress, later as a seamstress and restaurant chef. She was never formally trained, but she had grown up cooking in rural Virginia, was hardworking, and loved wholesome food made with fresh ingredients. This sounded like many of the women in my family before me. As the opening chef at Café Nicholson in New York in the 1950s, she showcased simple food and was heaped with praise for it. Through Miss Lewis I realized that there was a history of black women, like me, in professional kitchens, and that I wasn’t alone.
Which of the following best characterizes the author’s thesis in the passage?
ResponsesA
Professional success usually requires overcoming multiple obstacles.
B
The encouragement of peers is often more valuable than formal education.
C
Identifying appropriate role models is worthwhile even if doing so is challenging.
D
Culinary schools must broaden their curricula to reflect the interests of their students.
Answer C
The passage focuses on the challenges the author faced as an upcoming chef when looking for a suitable role model and on her gratification in having found one in Edna Lewis.
How, and why do authors use the mode of narration in their writing?
Authors use the mode of narration in their writing by telling a personal story, recounting events or readings to support their thesis.
Example: "We went out to the lake, then went down to the shop..."
How, and why do authors use oxymorons in their writing?
Authors use oxymorons in their writing when placing 2 contradictory words together for the purpose of adding emphasis to a statement.
Example: "We were alone together"
“…bloggers I follow have also begun mentioning the phenomenon. Scott Karp, who writes a blog about online media, recently confessed that he has stopped reading books altogether.”
Logos. The author is exemplifying the effect that technology has had on our attention spans.
(5) Eleutherna researchers discovered the skeleton in 2009. (6) Preliminary analysis determined that the approximately 50-year-old woman lived between 900 and 650 BCE. (7) Examining her remains, the archaeologists eyeballed something truly wacky: unlike the cartilage of other female specimens at the site, the cartilage on the upper right side of the skeleton’s body and on the right-hip and knee joints was almost completely worn away. (8) This anomaly signified that the woman must have engaged in a long-term strenuous activity involving the right side of her body. (9) Seeking more exact information, the researchers drew on their assumptions about the kinds of work women performed in ancient Greece. (10) Deploying skeletal models, the archaeologists tried bread-baking, weaving, harvesting, etc.—but to no avail.
(11) Wondering if the present could unlock the past, the archaeologists spent several years observing people near Eleutherna who performed tasks similar to those the ancient Greeks would have performed. (12) Success came in 2018 when a female ceramicist modeled her work for the researchers. (13) Analyzing her movements as she worked on large vases and listening to her detail the physical toll of the work, the team was convinced that the ancient Eleuthernan woman whose skeleton it was studying must have been a potter, a guess later confirmed by medical imaging and further anatomical modeling.
(14) The woman was not just a ceramicist, though. (15) The extent of wear on her remains indicates that she was a master ceramicist. (16) Archaeologists had long assumed that professional pottery making was the exclusive province of males in ancient Greece. (17) The Eleutherna researchers, supplementing Greece’s archaeological discoveries, acknowledge that they have more to learn.
Which of the following types of evidence, if added to the third paragraph (sentences 11-13), would most effectively support the conclusion reached by the researchers?
ResponsesA
Anecdotal evidence about how the researchers were able to establish cordial relationships with people living near Eleutherna
B
Personal observations by the researchers regarding how they were able to convince the female ceramicist to model for them
C
Statistics showing how many pottery makers live in the vicinity of Eleutherna and how many of them are women
D
Details about the mechanics of pottery making to show exactly how the craft would have caused the worn cartilage in the Eleutherna skeleton
Answer D
Option D gives extra details regarding the physical aspects of pottery making, which would offer evidence to help reinforce the hypothesis that the skeletal remains are of a woman whose body was worn down through the strenuous processes of doing this job.
(5) Eleutherna researchers discovered the skeleton in 2009. (6) Preliminary analysis determined that the approximately 50-year-old woman lived between 900 and 650 BCE. (7) Examining her remains, the archaeologists eyeballed something truly wacky: unlike the cartilage of other female specimens at the site, the cartilage on the upper right side of the skeleton’s body and on the right-hip and knee joints was almost completely worn away. (8) This anomaly signified that the woman must have engaged in a long-term strenuous activity involving the right side of her body. (9) Seeking more exact information, the researchers drew on their assumptions about the kinds of work women performed in ancient Greece. (10) Deploying skeletal models, the archaeologists tried bread-baking, weaving, harvesting, etc.—but to no avail.
(11) Wondering if the present could unlock the past, the archaeologists spent several years observing people near Eleutherna who performed tasks similar to those the ancient Greeks would have performed. (12) Success came in 2018 when a female ceramicist modeled her work for the researchers. (13) Analyzing her movements as she worked on large vases and listening to her detail the physical toll of the work, the team was convinced that the ancient Eleuthernan woman whose skeleton it was studying must have been a potter, a guess later confirmed by medical imaging and further anatomical modeling.
(14) The woman was not just a ceramicist, though. (15) The extent of wear on her remains indicates that she was a master ceramicist. (16) Archaeologists had long assumed that professional pottery making was the exclusive province of males in ancient Greece. (17) The Eleutherna researchers, supplementing Greece’s archaeological discoveries, acknowledge that they have more to learn.
The writer wants sentence 17 (reproduced below) to summarize key aspects of the passage’s argument.
The Eleutherna researchers, supplementing Greece’s archaeological discoveries, acknowledge that they have more to learn.
Which of the following versions of the underlined portion of sentence 17 best accomplishes this goal?
ResponsesA
(as it is now)
B
excited by how this finding reinforces the other surprising discoveries at Eleutherna
C
inspired by a contemporary craftswoman to rethink their preconceived ideas about women’s labor in the ancient world
D
adding to our knowledge of a period of Greek history known as the Iron Age due to the importance of iron working during this time
Answer: C
This wording summarizes a key part of the passage’s argument: the way in which scientists saw the contemporary laborers and craftspeople to hypothesize about the unexpected pattern of wear they found in the skeletal remains.
How, and why do authors use the mode of process analysis in their writing?
Authors use the scheme of process analysis in their writing by giving directions to explain a process about how to do something, or how something is done.
Example: "First, you make your order; then, you must pay before you can pick up your coffee."
How, and why do authors use alliteration in their writing?
Authors use alliteration in their writing by repeating constant sounds on nearby words, typically to draw attention to what they're describing, and convey a emotional effect for the reader.
Example: "Alone along a lonesome lake, Lucy longed for the love of her life."
“Our time spent in front of the computer is a mixed time, a time that reflects our desires — as opposed to the time spent sitting in front of the television where we were fed shows we didn’t necessarily enjoy.”
Ethos. The author’s use of personal pronouns reflects them trying to relate to the audience.
In sentence 3 (reproduced below), the writer wants to provide relevant information about ornithology to help those who are unfamiliar with it.
But before James Bond was the name of a famous fictional spy, it was the name of a real person: an ornithologist (a scientist who studies birds) whose guidebook Birds of the West Indies was a standard reference work for bird-watchers in the Caribbean.
Which of the following versions of the underlined text most effectively accomplishes this goal?
a. (as it is now)
b. A member of a group that also included Charles Darwin
c. Skilled in both field research and museum studies
d. Who, like many ornithologists, advocated for conservation of natural habitats.
Answer: A
Option A, keeping it the same, provides relevant information on ornithology with the use of parenthesis in his text. Other options do not inform the reader about ornithology.
Here’s one thing I know from years of training hawks: one of the things you must learn to do is become invisible. It’s what you do when a fresh hawk sits on your left fist with food beneath her feet, in a state of savage, defensive fear. Hawks aren’t social animals like dogs or horses; they understand neither coercion nor punishment. The only way to tame them is through positive reinforcement with gifts of food. You want the hawk to eat the food you hold—it’s the first step in reclaiming her that will end with you being hunting partners. But the space between the fear and the food is a vast, vast gulf, and you have to cross it together. I thought, once, that you did it by being infinitely patient. But no: it is more than that. You must become invisible. Imagine: you’re in a darkened room. You are sitting with a hawk on your fist. She is as immobile, as tense and sprung as a catapult at full stretch. Underneath her huge, thorny feet is a chunk of raw steak. You’re trying to get her to look at the steak, not at you, because you know—though you haven’t looked—that her eyes are fixed in horror at your profile. All you can hear is the wet click, click, click of her blinking.
To cross this space between fear and food, and to somehow make possible an eventual concord between your currently paralysed, immobile minds, you need—very urgently—not to be there. You empty your mind and become very still. You think of exactly nothing at all. The hawk becomes a strange, hollow concept, as flat as a snapshot or a schematic drawing, but at the same time, as pertinent to your future as an angry high court judge. Your gloved fist squeezes the meat a fraction, and you feel the tiny imbalance of weight and you see out of the very corner of your vision that she’s looked down at it. And so, remaining invisible, you make the food the only thing in the room apart from the hawk; you’re not there at all. And what you hope is that she’ll start eating, and you can very, very slowly make yourself visible. Even if you don’t move a muscle, and just relax into a more normal frame of mind, the hawk knows. It’s extraordinary. It takes a long time to be yourself, in the presence of a new hawk.
But I didn’t have to learn how to do this. I was already an expert. It was a trick I’d learned early in my life; a small, slightly fearful girl, obsessed with birds, who loved to disappear. Like Jumbo in Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, I was a watcher. I had always been a watcher. When I was a child I’d climb the hill behind my house and crawl into my favourite den under a rhododendron bush, wriggling down on my tummy under overhanging leaves like a tiny sniper. And in this secret foxhole, nose an inch from the ground, breathing crushed bracken and acid soil, I’d look down on the world below, basking in the fierce calm that comes from being invisible but seeing everything. Watching, not doing. Seeking safety in not being seen. It’s a habit you can fall into, willing yourself into invisibility. And it doesn’t serve you well in life. Believe me it doesn’t. Not with people and loves and hearts and homes and work. But for the first few days with a new hawk, making yourself disappear is the greatest skill in the world.
The primary purpose of the passage is to
ResponsesA
claim that people should observe hawks more closely
B
persuade the reader to become a hawk trainer
C
explain a technique essential to hawk training
D
lament that hawks are often misunderstood
Answer: C
The first paragraph introduces “not being there” as an needed skill in hawk training. Throughout the text the focus is on what this skill feels like to the hawk trainer, how the hawk responds to it, and how the author began to acquire this skill early in life.
How, and why do authors use the mode of classification and division in their writing?
Authors use the mode of classification and division in their writing by breaking their topics into groups and categories to explain their meaning to their audience.
Example: "Originally, writing was divided into three main genres: poetry, prose, and drama."
How, and why do authors use anaphora in their writing?
Authors use anaphora in their writing by repeating words at the beginning of a successful clause; done for the purpose of creating an emotional suspense in the story, and draw the readers into the message.
Example: "I have a dream" - Dr. Luther King. speech
“I've been researching generational differences for 25 years, starting when I was a 22-year-old doctoral student in psychology.”
Ethos. The author is trying to establish her credibility in the topic.
1) If you live in a city, you may have seen references to sister cities in other countries and wondered what the designation means—or whether it really matters. (2) In fact, sister-city programs can matter a great deal: civic organizations and local businesses are often involved in sister-city relationships.
(3) Sister-city partnerships were developed to foster international cooperation after the Second World War, and they continue to serve this purpose today. (4) Many of the earliest relationships were between cities that had previously been at war. (5) Nevertheless, the English city of Bristol and the German city of Hanover formed a partnership in 1947, with Bristol shipping relief supplies to Hanover and Hanover sending musicians to perform in Bristol. (6) The partnership evolved to include an educational exchange that continues to give English and German students experience in another culture.
(7) Such relationships provide an important complement to diplomacy carried out between governments. (8) Governments can forge alliances between countries, but the particular officials charged with doing so vary from country to country. (9) What’s more, as Mary Kane of Sister Cities International notes, “Foreign affairs doesn’t have to be done just by the State Department.” (10) By conveying international relations into people’s lives, sister cities make connections with distant places feel real to citizens.
(11) Although the potential benefits of sister cities are great, they can’t be taken for granted. (12) Without active participation from community groups, local government, and ordinary citizens, the relationships can fall into neglect. (13) But with engagement from community stakeholders, sister-city programs provide a gratifying and profitable connection to the wider world.
(14) Because trust and understanding are essential to business things, the feelings of closeness that connect sister cities can translate into economic benefits. (15) This dynamic is illustrated in the sister-city relationship between Muscatine, Iowa, and Zhengding County in China. (16) In 1985, Xi Jinping visited Muscatine on a research trip to study soybean farming. (17) When Xi later became president of China, his personal connection to Muscatine formed the basis for the sister-city relationship, which in turn led to Chinese investment in Muscatine’s hospitality and tourism industries.
The writer has found several pieces of new information about sister cities. Which of the following would most likely prompt the writer to change the line of reasoning in the passage?
ResponsesA
A study by the Barcelona Media Foundation that determined that the closeness of sister-city relationships did not diminish with geographical distance
B
A survey of Australian and Japanese participants in sister-city programs that found that respondents could be frustrated when their expectations of the program were not shared by people from their sister city
C
A news article that reports how the sister-city partnership between Charleston, South Carolina, and Spoleto, Italy, has led to the development of an annual Italian festival in Charleston that brings millions of dollars of revenue to businesses in the city
D
A New York Times article about Xi Jinping visiting Muscatine, Iowa, in 2012 that describes numerous examples of local citizens’ enthusiasm for the attention directed at their city
Answer: B.
This information indicates that participants in a sister-city program faced the challenge of differing expectations, which could prompt the writer to adjust the line of reasoning that sister-city programs bring people together harmoniously.
Mom’s Sunday cooking—now that was food to me. Living up North, soul food and southern food were commonly considered to be one and the same. People think of soul food as BBQ ribs, macaroni and cheese, buttermilk biscuits, and sweet tea. Our Sunday dinners taught me about my family and what we ate, and helped me distinguish real southern from soul food. But I had no idea that there was so much more.
In 2000, I decided to change my career path from social work to becoming a chef. My decision was prompted by a few work dinners where coworkers complimented me on my sweet potatoes and roasted chicken. With a half-cocked aspiration, I left my job in Brooklyn and decided to attend culinary school.
The school I attended was French based, like all culinary schools at the time and the majority, still, today. I had chosen it because it was geared toward career changers and had an excellent work-study program. I also liked that the school took the view that French food was the mother of all professional cuisines, so my education’s foundation of principles, I thought, would be priceless.
During the first phase of classes our chef instructor asked us to write an essay about someone who inspired us to cook. My mother, of course; so easy, I thought. I would interview her when I got home that evening. But our teacher insisted that it be someone professional, like Escoffier or James Beard. My dilemma was that the only chefs I’d heard of were the ones on TV: Julia Child, the Frugal Gourmet, and the Cajun chef Justin Wilson.
I wanted to write about someone who looked like me, and like my mother and grandmothers. I began my search for a chef that I could admire. I started trolling around on the Internet without finding much on the subject of notable black women cooks. I searched at the public library, and after some digging, I found an article about a woman called Edna Lewis.
Edna Lewis’s search for taste, as well as her story, stuck with me. A black woman from the South, Miss Lewis moved to New York to start a whole new life, first as a laundress, later as a seamstress and restaurant chef. She was never formally trained, but she had grown up cooking in rural Virginia, was hardworking, and loved wholesome food made with fresh ingredients. This sounded like many of the women in my family before me. As the opening chef at Café Nicholson in New York in the 1950s, she showcased simple food and was heaped with praise for it. Through Miss Lewis I realized that there was a history of black women, like me, in professional kitchens, and that I wasn’t alone.
In paragraph 9, sentence 3 (“She was never . . . ingredients”), the author’s way of combining clauses suggests that
ResponsesA
healthy, fresh, simply prepared food is more prevalent in rural areas than in urban areas
B
lack of formal culinary education can be fully compensated for by life experience and personal character
C
the foods that Edna Lewis cooked while growing up were like those that the author’s mother cooked
D
the author wishes to draw attention to the ways in which she is similar to Edna Lewis
Answer B
The sentence connects two clauses: the first clause describes something Lewis lacked (formal training), while the second clause describes qualities Lewis possessed (experience, work ethic, and a love of healthy food). The author’s use of “but” to connect these two clauses suggests that Lewis’s good qualities made up for her lack of training as a chef.
How, and why do authors use the mode of exemplification in their writing?
Authors use the mode of exemplification in their writing by sectioning their larger idea into multiple smaller concepts, and ensuring that their materials go together.
Example: "To show his passion for humane care, for instance, he volunteered at the local animal rescue shelters."
How, and why do authors use epistrophe in their writing?
Authors use epistrophe in their writing by repeating a phrase at the end of a successful phrase. Authors use epistrophe to create emphasis in their statement, and create a cadence in their tone.
Example: "I'm tired of this job. I'm over this job. I'm done with this job!"
“ ‘But Grandma, you have your phone,’ He said. For Augie, a smartphone is as natural and unremarkable as the bees and the lavender, and holding one is almost synonymous with knowing.”
Logos. The author is trying to put it into perspective what it’s like to grow up around technology to her audience that didn’t.