Supreme Court Cases
Supreme court ruled state-sanctioned segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th amendment and was therefore unconstitutional.
Brown V. Board Of Education of Topeka
States may not use poll taxes as a voting requirement in federal elections.
24th amendment
Regulates commerce with foreign nations, among states, and with the Indian Tribes.
Commerce Clause
Politicians trade support for one issue or piece of legislation in exchange for another politician's support, especially by means of legislative votes.
Logrolling
Type of legislature that is divided into two separate assemblies, chambers, or houses.
Bicameralism
This case was often referred to as the "pentagon papers" and was one of the cases that defended the 1st amendments right of free press against prior restraint from the government.
New York Times Co. v. United States
No excessive bail nor cruel or unusual punishment.
8th amendment
Makes sure everyone is given the same opportunity and are treated equally and prohibits the deprivation of "life, liberty, or property" by the federal and state governments.
Equal Protection Clause/ Due Process
The process by which individuals internalize and develop their political values, ideas, attitudes, and perceptions via the agents of socialization.
Political Socialization
Includes the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation. Congress exercises this power largely through its congressional committee system. This also occurs in a wide variety of congressional activities and contexts.
Oversight/Congressional Oversight
This case argued that the right to keep and bear arms is a fundamental right that protects an individual's inherent right to self-defense, and as such, states should be prohibited from infringing this right. Supreme Court stated that the fourteenth Amendment makes the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for the purpose of self-defense applicable to the states.
McDonald v. Chicago
Rights stated in the Constitution are not the only rights that people have.
9th amendment
Also known as the Elastic Clause, this clause gives congress their implied powers and authorizes Congress to employ any means that are appropriate and plainly adapted to the permitted end.
Necessary and Proper Clause
This group of people care about harm and fairness, while the other group cares about loyalty, authority, and sanctity.
Liberals vs. Conservatives
A system of organization where laws or regulatory authority are implemented by civil servants, non-elected officials.
Bureaucracy
The three parents refused to send their children to such schools after the eighth grade, arguing that high school attendance was contrary to their religious beliefs. The Court held that individual's interests in the free exercise of religion under the First Amendment outweighed the State's interests in compelling school attendance beyond the eighth grade.
Wisconsin v. Yoder
All persons born or naturalized in the U.S. are citizens; states may not abridge rights of citizens—equal protection of the law, due process, compensation if the government takes private property. States will lose some representation if they deny the vote to any male citizens. Former Confederate leaders not allowed to hold government positions.
14th amendment
All other provisions of Bill of Rights apply equally to the state and national government.
Selective incorporation
Spending intended to benefit constituents of a politician in return for their political support, either in the form of campaign contributions or votes.
Pork-Barrel Spending
Comprises the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.
Bill of rights
Leaflets were distributed declaring that the draft violated the Thirteenth Amendment prohibition against involuntary servitude. The leaflets urged the public to disobey the draft, but advised only peaceful action. The Court held that the Espionage Act did not violate the First Amendment and was an appropriate exercise of Congress’ wartime authority.
Schenck v. U.S.
Provides no protections for things like obscenity or speech that constitutes true threats or “fighting words,” which may produce a clear and present danger. Separation of church and state; freedom of speech, press, and assembly; right to petition government.
1st amendment
Make treaties with the approval of the Senate. veto bills and sign bills. represent our nation in talks with foreign countries. enforce the laws that Congress passes. All of these are examples of what?
Powers of the President
The legislative branch makes laws, but the President in the executive branch can veto those laws with a Presidential Veto. The legislative branch makes laws, but the judicial branch can declare those laws unconstitutional.
Checks on Congress
A mode of government that combines a general level of government with a regional level of sub-unit governments, while dividing the powers of governing between the two levels of governments.
Federalism