4.1 Vocabulary
a brutal system where people are treated as personal property (chattel) that can be bought, sold, inherited, and traded like livestock or furniture, with owners having absolute control over their lives and offspring (children), stripping them of all rights and dehumanizing them into mere commodities, especially prominent in the Americas from the 16th to 19th centuries.
What is chattel slavery?
consistent, dominant surface wind patterns (trade winds, westerlies) driven by Earth’s rotation and solar heating, crucial for historical maritime navigation, trade, and climate. In AP Modern World History, understanding these winds is vital for analyzing early modern maritime expansion, such as the Portuguese navigation of the Atlantic and Columbus’s voyages.
What are prevailing winds?
To fully understand something and have it memorized.
What is "to know it cold"?
Marked by kindness or generosity disposed to doing good.
What is benevolent?
An order usually having the force of law.
What is a decree?
Title of a Russian emperor/king, borrowed from the ancient Romans to have "legitimacy". Multiple spellings.
Who was a tsar/czar/csar/tzar?
Jane Eyre is set in this country in this century.
What is England and the early 19th century?
To avoid, or try to avoid, a particular situation by pretending that it does not exist.
What is "to stick your head in the sand"?
A medieval instrument, now replaced by the sextant, that was once used to determine the altitude of the sun or other celestial bodies.
What is an astrolabe?
The extension or imposition of power, authority, or influence through conquering land and the people and resources that are native to it. Empire building.
What is imperialism?
This is largely what Portugal did (other Europeans set up the same way, initially), setting up “factories” in coastal areas of their empire; in many instances control over the factory area expanded to the beginnings of colonialism and conquest of these areas that started as trading posts with interactions and development with locals to produce the commodities to trade.
What was a trading post empire?
An agency or force of unlimited power.
What is omnipotent?
General Eastern European ethnicity including Russians, Poles, Ukrainians and Serbians to name a few groups that fall under this category.
What are Slavic people aka Slavs?
A system of inheritance where the firstborn child, usually the eldest son, receives the entire inheritance (estate, title, or throne) to the exclusion of younger siblings, a practice historically used in monarchies and noble families to keep lands and power consolidated. European monarchies followed this policy.
What is primogeniture?
Any of several types of small, light sailing ships, especially one with two to four masts and lateen sails used by the Spanish and Portuguese in the 1400s and 1500s.
What is a caravel?
Spanish trading ships that linked the Philippines in the Spanish East Indies to Mexico (New Spain), across the Pacific Ocean.
What were the Manila Galleons?
A political leader who appeals to popular prejudices and who makes false claims and promises in order to gain power
What is a demagogue?
A government having a hereditary chief of state with life tenure and powers varying from nominal (minimal) limited monarchy as most are today or absolute which most were prior to the 19th century.
What is a monarchy?
People who disagree with an established religious or political system, organization, or belief.
Who are dissidents?
This Russian leader expanded Russia to include Siberia, conquered Novgorod, hated the Boyars, went mad and had his son and pregnant daughter in law killed.
Who was Ivan the IV aka Ivan the Terrible?
A historical English common law doctrine where a married woman's legal identity was absorbed into her husband's, making her a "feme covert" (covered woman) with limited rights, unable to own property, contract, or sue independently, as she was considered one legal entity with her husband, a concept that largely ended in the U.S. with 19th-century property acts but left lasting impacts on marital law.
What WAS coverture?
carrack - a small, fast Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship of the 15th–17th centuries. But larger than the caravel
What is a carrack?
a labor system where individuals signed contracts (indentures) to work for a master for a set number of years, usually in exchange for passage to the Americas, food, shelter, and sometimes future land or money, providing labor for colonial economies before becoming free, though conditions were often harsh. It was a form of bound labor, often voluntary to escape poverty, but sometimes forced, with servants having limited freedom and their contracts being bought and sold, similar to but distinct from slavery.
What was indentured servitude?
A person (such as a monarch or other named sovereign) ruling with unlimited authority
What is an autocrat?
A proclamation having the force of law; to command, order.
What is an edict?
To differ in opinion; to disagree.
What is to dissent?
This was one of the worst time periods in Russian history following the death of Ivan IV and the succession crisis as well as famine and civil wars that followed.
What was the "Time of Troubles"?
Property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage.
What is a dowry?
a Dutch cargo ship from the 16th-18th centuries, known for its efficient design that maximized cargo space with a wide, shallow hull and required a smaller crew, making it cheaper to build and operate, which significantly boosted Dutch maritime trade and helped them dominate global commerce.
What is a fluyt?
Anglo and Saxon.
What is English?
A government in which one person possesses unlimited power.
What is an autocracy?
A law enacted by a government.
What is a statute?
To incorporate (territory) into the domain of a city, country, or state; to take over a territory and make it part of a larger domain (country, state).
What is to annex?
This family would be placed on the throne by the Boyars to end the "Time of Troubles" and this Czar would make it his mission at the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th century to "modernize" Russia. (2 part answer)
Who were the Romanov Dynasty and Czar Peter the Great?
Mr. Rochester's mentally disabled wife, renamed Grace Poole was from the British colony in the West Indies.
What was Jamaica?
Wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available or contributed for a particular purpose such as starting a company or investing.
What is capital?
A form of government that combines principles of both (rule by the people) and (governance by elected representatives, often with a written constitution). In this system, supreme power is held by the citizens, who exercise that power through voting for representatives who make decisions on their behalf.
What is a democratic republic?
A large ethno-linguistic group originating in Eastern and Central Europe, defined by speaking Slavic languages (like Russian, Polish, Serbian, Czech) from the Indo-European family, inhabiting vast areas from Eastern Europe to Northern Asia, and historically crucial in European demography, culture, and politics, particularly with distinct East, West, and South Slavic branches.
What is Slavic?
A powerful medieval commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and North and Central European trading cities (like Lübeck, Hamburg, Cologne) that dominated trade in the Baltic and North Seas from the 12th to the 17th centuries, ensuring safe passage for goods, establishing trade monopolies, and promoting economic cooperation and cultural exchange across vast networks.
What was the Hanseatic League?
Soldiers for hire
Who are mercenaries?
Czar Peter the Great (through a series of wars) was able to secure a port on this sea, which no longer made Russia landlocked.
What is the Baltic Sea?
Mr. Rochester wanted Jane only dressed in the finest clothes made of this fabric that we have learned about.
What was silk?