Terms
To be religious, reverent. This was central to life.
What is piety, or to be pious?
These are reasons the Renaissance began in the Northern Italian city-states, such as Venice, Florence, and Genoa.
What is they were centers of trade, learning, and wealth that would have contacts with Dar al Islam and were more cosmopolitan to fund the arts, architecture and literature of this time period?
Humans first migrated at 20,000 years ago from Asia to present day Alaska and western Canada over a land bridge called this.
What was Beringia?
These were created in Venice (and elsewhere) to inspect and quarantine people and goods before they were permitted to enter the city.
What were Lazarettos?
A person who spoke or acted against the accepted teachings/doctrines of the Church would be accused of this crime, for which the punishments were often death.
Who was a heretic, or what was heresy?
Sino
What is China?
What is heresy
The names of the author and his political novel (written as he observed the politics of the Medici and was sometimes included, sometimes excluded) that stated it was more important for a leader to be feared than loved, and a leader should appear kind and benevolent, but in reality needed to be ruthless and cunning.
Who was Machiavelli and "The Prince"?
Myth about the amount of humans populating the Americas before 1492.
What is that they Americas were sparsely populated? The truth is that human civilizations had migrated to every corner of the Americas before 1492, by land and sea.
Due to 1/3 to 1/2 of the population dying from plague, many people believed god was doing this, and this was going to happen to the world.
What was god was punishing them for their sinful behavior and the end of the world was coming?
Priests, Friars, Bishops, Cardinals, the Pope, Monks and Nuns were all members of this group.
Who were the clergy?
Franco.
What is France/French?
To change.
What is reform?
He is considered the "father of humanism", and was one of the first to legitimize literature/poetry in his vernacular, which was Italian.
Who was Petrarch?
This massive civilization was located in the present day midwestern United States and extended south through Mississippi. Only 1% of the archaeological evidence has been uncovered, so far.
What was Cahokia?
They unintentionally led to the spread of the plague after the decline of their empire by opening expanding trade and making it thrive again along the Silk Trade Networks.
Who were the Mongols?
Cathedrals would have these displayed for people to pray to, as well as demonstrate valuable religious items to their parishioners. It could be valuable artwork, part of a deceased holy person's body or belongings kept as an object of reverence.; an object surviving from an earlier time, especially one of historical or sentimental interest.
The selling of fake ones (or the selling the opportunity to view fake ones) was also part of the corrupt practices that led to the Protestant Reformation.
What are relics?
Anglo.
What is England?
If story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one, it is described as this.
What is allegorical?
This European kingdom would be the first to reach India entirely by sea, in the attempt to end the Venetian monopoly on the spice trade. They created a school of navigation (that still exists today) to accomplish this goal, recruiting the best and brightest to teach and study there.
What was Portugal?
This civilization existed throughout the west coast of South America, Machu Picchu is a city that was built by them.
Who were the Incan Empire?
As towns and cities grew during the late medieval/Renaissance/early modern period, sanitation methods and laws were passed and enforced. These were three specific occupations that were often mentioned as the waste they created could foul the air and water if not properly disposed of.
Who were fishmongers (people who caught and sold seafood), butchers (meat), and tanners (animal hides)?
Abbeys and Monasteries were similar to manors, as this was collected from peasants who worked and resided on the land. This too added to the tremendous wealth of the Church at this time.
What is rent?
Russo.
What is Russian?
Who was Mary, the mother of Jesus?
This Florentine family made their fortunes through banking, textiles and real estate. They were also tremendous patrons of the arts, and had family members who served in the papacy.
Who were the Medici?
What is they were still only surviving as hunter gatherers, did not have engineering skills or structures that were permanent, and therefore did not engage in organized agriculture.
Reality - They had extensive agriculture, long distance trade, rope suspension bridges, permanent structures built from different materials that withstood natural disasters (earthquakes), many languages (some written, some not, but passed down and expanded over centuries), and religious beliefs.
These people were frequently scapegoated for the plague, with accusations that they poisoned the water supply to make people sick (even though that is not how plague was spread).
Who were Jews?
The papacy and nobility were very much connected because of this.
What is they were blood relatives, and power of the papacy therefore directly was tied into the power of the aristocracy/nobility.
Turks.
Who were the Ottomans?
Issued in June 1215 and was the first document to put into writing the principle that the king and his government was not above the law. It sought to prevent the king from exploiting his power, and placed limits of royal authority by establishing law as a power in itself.
What is the Magna Carta?
This trade network of northern and central Europe in the medieval to renaissance period led to the growth of towns and cities, and commodities key to this were wool, honey, timber, and fish.
What is the Hanseatic Trade Network?
The civilization that existed in present day Mexico (the Yucatan Peninsula region) and central America. Chichen Itza is an archaeological site that remains of their civilization.
Who were the Mayans?
Bureaucrats would need this revenue to fund and maintain public health in towns and cities, for example street cleaning and regular garbage removal.
What is tax revenue?
This describes the power struggle between kings and popes over who had the authority to appoint people to high positions in the clergy.
What is the lay investiture controversy?
Mexica.
Who were the Aztecs?
The concept that one state (aka kingdom, duchy, republic) is not dominant over the others. Spain emerged in the 16th century as the dominant force, upsetting it.
What is the balance of power?
Name at least three important artists from the Renaissance.
Who were Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Donatello, Rafael, Brueghel, Durer, and Botticelli?
The planned Aztec city of Tenochtitlan, with its floating gardens, pyramids, palace, houses, markets, causeways, and aqueducts were built on a lake, where this present day city exists (and is sinking in certain areas).
What is Mexico City?
These health care professionals who were responsible for maternal health and delivering babies were also given special privileges to perform baptisms if a priest was not available and there was a fear the infant would not survive.
Who were midwives?
These were how cities and towns organized their churches/cathedrals to serve their followers. There were more in cities, because there were larger populations.
What are parishes?
Holy Roman Empire.
What are central Europe, largely German speaking kingdoms?
Typical of European law codes at the time, this stated that all rights of inheritance went to the eldest born male.
What is primogeniture?
If a wealthy Renaissance family was having their portrait painted, they would likely wear their finest silk garments, and perhaps include a possession such as rare blue and white porcelain from China, to demonstrate this.
What is their wealth?
Similar to the Corvee labor system in China (and elsewhere), infrastructure was built and maintained through this system in the Incan Empire, and later adopted by the Spanish when they conquered the Incas.
What is the mit'a system?
These people were often most devasted by plagues, because they lived in cramped conditions and did not a place to go outside of the cities.
Who were the poor?
The Church and parishes were integral to peoples' lives on a daily basis - providing what education was available at the time, charity, and medical care. Most importantly though, they provided these to people - baptism, confession, eucharist (holy communion), marriage, and anointing of the sick.
What are sacraments?
Saracen.
What was the term to describe the Muslims who lived and traded in the time of the Renaissance?