Vocabulary
The land/buildings owned by the church and occupied by monks and nuns.
What is the abbey?
People legally bound to the land that they lived on and farmed.
The land, buildings and church property that were run by priests and nuns (even though peasants worked this land with them). (2)
What are monasteries and abbeys?
All serfs would be categorized as this mainly agricultural social class, even though all people of this social class were not serfs.
What are peasants?
The high middle ages refers this general time period.
What is circa 1200-1400 ce?
Legally when property or titles are passed down/inherited they go solely to the eldest son.
What is primogeniture?
The Bishop of Rome and leader of the RCC and Papal States.
Who is the Pope?
This was the formal split of Christianity in 1054 ce into Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic. This division and differences in leadership and practices had grown over many centuries before the formal split.
What is the Great Schism?
The peasant revolt in England by Wat Tyler and elsewhere across the continents were ignited because they wanted to be this, and also not carry all of the tax burden when the wealthy/nobility didn't have to pay tax.
What is equality?
This textile commodity provided some opportunities for peasants to gain wealth, and was largely traded out of London, especially after they joined the Hanseatic Trade League.
What is wool?
In medieval Europe, the self-sufficient land/property/agricultural community worked by serfs and owned by nobility.
What is the manor?
Titles of this higher social class with special privileges with names like lord, lady, duke, and duchess. A person was born into this (and at times bought these titles from kings who needed to raise money...)
Who are the nobility or aristocracy?
This was the controversy with the papacy and secular rulers over who had the authority to appoint people to religious offices/positions of power in the clergy.
What is the lay investiture controversy?
This is a reason the warming period that ended by 1300 produced population growth.
What is the growing season was longer than in the colder periods, producing more food to support population growth?
This was the language of the church, scientists and the academic world in Europe in the 13th-16th centuries. It was not a vernacular as it had been in Roman times.
What is Latin?
When the northern Christian led kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula united to force out the Muslim kingdoms Andalusia and Iberia in the 15th century.
What is the Reconquista?
The hierarchy of the Papacy was and still is patriarchal because these people are the only ones who can become priests.
Who are men?
Western and Central Europe (including what was called the Holy Roman Empire in central Europe) was divided into hundreds of smaller kingdoms, with nobility that had their own armies and often warred with one another. A word to describe it politically would be this.
What is fractured?
There is evidence from the 13th and 14th centuries that these peasant people actually did own their own land (it did not become their husband's).
Who are women?
Due to the massive amount of wealth and land controlled by the papacy, this was an unfortunate problem that was growing and would lead people to speak up against these abuses.
What is corruption?
A branch or type of Christianity. Until the early 1500s, there were 3 official ones.
What are denominations?
Guilds were organizations of these types of people who had special training and skills to produce specialized goods (not agricultural) - such as blacksmiths, carpenters, painters and silversmiths, just to name a few.
Who are artisans?
Popes began periodically called for Crusades and Christians to retake the Holy Land (the Levant in particular) for these reasons.
What are
1. The Patriarch reached out to the Pope because the Byzantines were under frequent attack by the Ottomans, who were Muslim and would eventually replace the Byzantines.
2. To retake Holy Land that was under the control of empires of Dar al Islam.
3. To prevent the fractured European kings/nobles from warfare against one another and unite them with a common enemy.
Farming improved in the medieval period in Europe for these reasons.
What are
1. three field system, to give land time to regain nutrients
2. crop rotation
3. collars for horses to pull plows
4. use of oxen to pull plows
5. causeways built over wetlands to provide irrigation to farms and their crops
6. sheep grazing on empty fields as well as other livestock
This was the occupation of women that handled prenatal, maternal and infant healthcare, they held some status and enjoyed more independence than other occupations of women.
Who were midwives?