People
English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)
Thomas Hobbes
Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land
Petition of Right
A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.
The Protestant Refromation
Define humanism
A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements
Similar to the feudal system, Natives got money and had to buy their products from their owners (Latin America)
Hacienda System
(1599-1658) Puritan general who helped lead parliamentary forces during the English Civil War, and ruled England as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658.
Oliver Cromwell
What was the Middle Passage?
A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies
A 16th-century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation
The Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation)
Define mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
What was the Age of Exploration?
Time period during the 15th and 16th centuries when Europeans searched for new sources of wealth and for easier trade routes to China and India. Resulted in the discovery of North and South America by the Europeans.
Founder of the Jesuits
Ignatius of Loyola
(1494) An agreement between Portugal and Spain which declared that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Define the "Council of Trent"
Reformed Catholic Church discipline and reaffirmed church doctrine. Preserved the papacy as the center of Christianity. Confirmed all seven existing sacraments. Reaffirmed Latin as the language of worship. Forbade clerical marriage.
What was "divine right"?
The belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from god.
A kind of feudalism granting Spanish colonists control of conquered lands and obliging the Indians to provide forced labor and a fixed portion of their harvests (feudal Spain)
The Encomienda System
(1689-1755) wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government
Montesquieu
The rule stating that the government cannot hold you for more than 48 hours without charging you with a crime. Established in 1679 by parliament.
Habeas Corpus
The bloodless coup in 1688 in England when James II (a Catholic) gave up the throne and his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange (of the Netherlands) - both Protestants - replaced James II to reign jointly. No Catholic monarch has reigned in England since.
Glorious Revolution
Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.
Indulgences
Define the Neoclassical Period
A revival of Greek and Roman art and architecture in Europe. It occurred around the middle of the 1700s and continued during the 1800s.
Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533.
Francisco Pizarro
Define the Edict of Nantes
1598 - Granted the Huguenots (french protestants) liberty of conscience and worship.
A war fought over the Spanish throne. Louis XIV wanted it for his grandson and fought a war against the Dutch, English, and the Holy Roman Empire to gain the throne for France. The Peace of Utrecht ended the war.
War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)
Monarchs who introduced reforms to better society (freedom of speech, the press, religious toleration, education, laws)
Enlightened Monarchs
Long Parliament
(1640 - 1660) When the English Parliament met off and on for twenty years due to religious and civil problems. Occurs during the English Civil War (commonwealth period under Oliver Cromwell). Longest session of Parliament because there were no new elections.